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CBSE Class 11 Chemistry Notes For Filling Up Of Electrons In Different Orbitals

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Rules For Filling Up Of Electrons In Different Orbitals

The correct ground state electronic configuration of an atom is obtained on the basis of the following principles—Pauli’s exclusion principle, Hund’s rule, and the Aufbau principle.

CBSE Class 11 Chemistry Notes For Filling Up Of Electrons In Different Orbitals

Pauli’s exclusion principle

Principle: The knowledge of four quantum numbers is important in assigning the exact location of the electron within an atom.

After meticulous study of the line spectra of atoms, Wolfgang Pauli in 1925 proposed his exclusion principle which is widely known as Pauli’s exclusion principle.

According to this principle, no two electrons in an atom will have the same values for all four quantum numbers (n, l, m, and s).

If three of the quantum numbers of any two electrons are the same then they must differ in their fourth quantum number.

If the quantum numbers n, l, and m of two electrons have identical values, then the value of s should be different (+i for one and for the other).

Therefore, the corollary of this principle may be stated as—each orbital can accommodate a maximum of two electrons having an opposite spin.

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With the help of Pauli’s exclusion principle, the maximum number of electrons a subshell can accommodate can be calculated. For example—

s -subshell: In the case of s -subshell, 1 = 0. Therefore m = 0. Number of orbitals in s -subshell = 1.

According to Pauli’s exclusion principle, each orbital can hold a maximum number of two electrons. So, s -subshell can accommodate a maximum of 2 electrons.

p -subshell: For p -subshell, 1=1 and m = —1,0, +1. The number of orbitals in the -subshell is three (px, py, and pz ).

According to Pauli’s exclusion principle, since each orbital can hold a maximum of 2 electrons, the maximum accommodating capacity of p -subshell {i.e., three p orbitals) =3×2 = 6 electrons.

d -subshell: In the case of d -subshell, 1 = 2, m = -2, -1, 0 +1, +2. Thus, m has 5 values indicating the presence of 5 orbitals. As the maximum number of electrons that each orbital can hold is 2, the maximum number of electrons that a d -d-subshell can accommodate is 5 X 2 = 10.

f-subshell: For /-subshell, l = 3, m = -3, -2, -1, 0, +1, +2, +3. Seven values of m indicate the presence of seven orbitals. Hence the maximum number of electrons that may be present in /-subshell is 7 x 2 = 14 .

Pauli’s exclusion principle also permits the determination of the maximum number of electrons that can be present in a certain orbit or shell.

Example: For L -shell (n = 2), l has two values, i.e., 1 = 0 [ssubshell] and l = 1 [p -subshell].

The s -subshell can hold 2 electrons and p -subshell can accommodate 6 electrons. Therefore, the maximum accommodating capacity for L shell =(2 + 6) = 8 electrons.

Similarly, it can be shown that, the maximum number of electrons that can be accommodated in M-shell (n = 3) = 18 and the maximum number of electrons that may be present in IVshell (n = 4) =32.

Electron accommodating capacity of K, L, M, and JV-shell

Thus, it is seen that the maximum number of electrons accommodated in any electronic orbit with the principal quantum number’ n’ is 2n2.

Number of orbitals and electron accommodating capacity of different shells.

Hund’s multiplicity rule

This rule is helpful for deciding the mode of filling of the orbitals ofthe same energy level with electrons.

Rule: The pairing of electrons in the orbitals within the same subshell does not take place until the orbitals are singly filled up with electrons having parallel spin.

Discussion: The rule implies that orbitals with the same energy are filled up first with one electron and then the additional electron occupies the singly filled orbital orbital to form paired electrons (with opposite spin).

The energy order of the orbitals, the Aufbau principle, and the electronic configuration of atoms

The German word ‘Aufbau’ means ‘to build one by one! The Aufbau principle gives the sequence of gradual filling up of the different subshells of multi-electron atoms.

Aufbau principle:

Aufbau principle states that electrons are added progressively to the various orbitals in the order of increasing energy, starting with the orbital with the lowest energy.

Electrons never occupy the die orbital of higher energy leaving the orbital of lower energy vacant.

A study of the results of spectral analysis has led to the arrangement of the shells and subshell in the increasing order of their energies in the following sequence:

Is < 2s < 2p < 3s < 3p < 4s < 3d < 4p < 5s < 4d < 5p < 6s < 4f< Sd < 6p < 7s < 5f< 6d ..

Electronic configuration always conforms to Pauli’s Exclusion Principle.

According to Hund’s rule, pairing of electrons in the orbitals within the same subshell (degenerate orbitals hating the same n ) cannot occur until the orbitals are singly filled up.

The energy of the subshell increases with an increase in the value of {n + l). In a multi-electron atom, the energy of a subshell, cannot be determined only by principal quantum number (n ), in exclusion of azimuthal quantum number (Z).

The correct order of energies of various subshells is determined by the (n + 1) rule or Bohr-Bury rule.

The implication of the rule can be better understood with the help ofthe following example.

In case of 3d -subshell, (n + Z) = (3 + 2) = 5, but for 4s -subshell, (n + Z) = (4 + 0) = 4 .

Class 11 Chemistry Structure Of Atoms Order Of Increasing Energies Of Various Subshells

From this, it is clear that the energy of the 4s -subshell is less than that of the 3d -subshell. Hence, the electron goes to the 4s subshell first, in preference to the 3d -subshell.

If Two subshells have the same value for{n + l), then the electron enters that subshell which has a lower value of n.

For example, for 3d -subshell, {n + l) = (3 + 2) = 5 and for 4p -subshell, {n + l) = (4 + 1) = 5 In this case, the electron first enters the 3d -subshell which has a.lower value of n.

The sequence in which the subshells are filled with electrons.

The figure depicts the sequence of filling up of the subshells with electrons. The electronic configuration of any atom can be easily predicted from this diagram.

Exceptions to (n+1) rule: Exceptions to the {n + Z) rule are found to occur in the case of filling up of electrons in Lanthanum (La) and Actinium (Ac).

The values of {n + l) in the case of both the subshells 4/ and 5d (4 + 3 = 7 = 5 + 2) are found to be the same.

Similarly the values of (n +1) in the case of both the subshells 5/ and 6d (5 + 3 = 8 = 6 + 2) are equal. So, the order of energies of these subshells is 4/< 5d and 5/< 6d.

According to the (n + Z) rule, the expected electronic configuration of La (57) and Ac (89) should be [Xe]4/15d06s2 and [Rn]5/16d°7s2 respectively.

However, the electronic configuration of La and Ac are actually [Xe]4/ and [Rn]5/°6d17s2 respectively. In other words, lanthanum and actinium are exceptions to the (n + l) rule.

Method of writing electronic configuration of an atom 1) In order to express the electronic configuration of an atom, the principal quantum number (n = 1, 2, 3… etc.) is written first.

The symbol ofthe subsheU(s, p, d, f, etc.) is written to the right ofthe principal quantum number. For example, s -subshell of the first shell is expressed as Is; sand subshells of the second shell are expressed as 2s and 2p respectively.

The total number of electrons present in any subshell is then written as the right superscript of the subshell symbol.

For example, the electronic configuration, ls22s22p5 suggests that the s -subshell of the first shell contains 2 electrons, and the s, and p -subshells of the second shell contain 2 electrons and 5 electrons respectively. Thus, the total number of electrons present is equal to 9.

Examples: Electronic configuration of 17 CL atom: The atomic number of chlorine is 17. Number of electrons present in chlorine atom is 17.

Out of these 17 electrons, 2 electrons are present in the s -subshell of first shell (K-shell), 2 electrons and 6 electrons in the s – and p -subshell of the second shell (L -shell) respectively, and 2 and 5 electrons are present in the s – and p -subshell of the third shell (Mshell) respectively.

Thus, the electronic configuration of the chlorine atom is ls²2s²2p63s²3p5.

Electronic configuration of 26Fe atom: The atomic number of iron is 26. Number of electrons present in an atom of iron is 26. These 26 electrons are distributed in K, L, M, and N-shells in such a way that their electronic configuration becomes ls²2s²2p63s²3pe3de4s².

Class 11 Chemistry Structure Of Atoms Electronic configuration of 26Fe atom

Here the symbol signifies an orbital and the arrow sign (↑) means an odd electron and the paired arrow sign (↓↑) stands for a pair of electrons with opposite spins.

Stability of half-filled or completely filled subshells The electronic configurations of some atoms have certain characteristic features.

It is seen that half-filled and completely filled subshells are more stable compared to nearly half-filled or nearly completely filled subshells.

Hence, if the (n-1)d -subshell of any atom contains 4 or 9 electrons and the ns -subshell contains 2 electrons, then one electron from the ns -subshell gets shifted to the (n-1) d subshell, thereby making a total number of either 5 or 10 electrons in it. As a result, ns -subshell is left with 1 electron instead of 2.

The extra stability of half-filled and completely filled subshells can be explained in terms of the symmetrical distribution of electrons and exchange energy.

Symmetrical distribution of electrons: The subshells with half-filled or completely filled electrons are found to have a more symmetrical distribution of electrons.

Consequently, they have lower energy which ultimately results in greater stability of the electronic configuration.

Electrons present in the same subshell have equal energy but their spatial distribution is different. As a result, the magnitude of the shielding effect of another is quite small and so, the electrons are more strongly attracted by the nucleus.

Interelectronic repulsion: Two types of interactions are possible between electrons of the same subshell due to interelectronic repulsive force.

Interaction due to electronic charge: The magnitude of the repulsive force acting between two electrons situated at n distance r from each other is inversely proportional to the square of the distance between them.

Consequently, the stability of two-electron or multi-electron ions or atoms increases with an increase in distance r. Thus, die two electrons present in the d -d-subshell prefer to be in two separate d -orbitals instead of one leading to the increased stability ofthe atom or ion.

Interaction due to rotation of electrons: Two electrons tend to remain close to each other if they have opposite spins. On the other hand, if both the electrons have parallel spin, then they prefer to remain far from each other.

The electrons occupying degenerate orbitals (orbitals of the same energy) can exchange their positions with other electrons with the same spin. In this process, exchange energy is released.

The greater the probability of exchange, the more stable the configuration. The probability of exchange is greater in the case of a half-filled or completely filled subshell.

Thus, the magnitude of exchange energy is greatest for half-filled or completely filled subshells leading to their exceptionally high stability.

This exchange energy forms the basis of Hund’s multiplicity rule. The relative magnitude of exchange energy can be calculated by the formula,

No. of exchanges \(=\frac{n !}{2 \times(n-2) !}\)

(n = number of degenerate electrons with parallel spin.)

Number of interactions in case of d4 electronic configuration

Class 11 Chemistry Structure Of Atoms Number Of Interactions In Case Of D4 Electronic Configuration

Total number of exchanges for d4 electronic configuration

=3+2+1=6

Number of interactions in case of d5 electronic configuration

Class 11 Chemistry Structure Of Atoms Number Of Interactions In Case Of D5 Electronic Configuration

Electronic configuration of ions

When an additional electron is added to an orbital of an atom, a negatively charged ion called an anion is formed while the removal of an electron from the orbital of an atom produces a positively charged ion called cation.

Electronic configuration of anions: The total number of electrons present in an anionic species is = (Z + n) where Z = atomic number and n = number of electrons gained. The electronic configuration ofthe anion is written on the basis of the total number of electrons present in it.

Examples: Fluoride ion (F-): Total number of electrons present in F- ion = (9 + 1) = 10

∴ Electronic configuration of F- ion: ls²2s²2p6

Nitride ion (N³¯ ): Total number of electrons present
in N3- ion = (7 + 3) = 10

Electronic configuration of N3- ion: ls22s22p6

Oxide ion (O²¯): Total number of electrons present in  O²¯ ion =(8 + 2) = 10.

∴ Electronic configuration of O2- ion: ls22s22p6

Sulphide Ion (S²¯) : Total number ofelectrons present in S2- ion =(1.6 + 2) = 18

Electronic Configuration of cations:

A total number of electrons present in a cationic species = (Z-n) where Z = atomic number and n = number of electrons lost.

For writing the electronic configuration of the cation, the electronic configuration of the neutral atom is written first.

Then requisite no. of electrons is removed from the outermost shell. Electrons from the ns -subshell should be removed before removing any electron from the (n- l)d -subshell.

The total number of electrons present in a cationic species = (Z-n) where Z = atomic number and n = number of electrons lost.

For writing the electronic configuration of the cation, the electronic configuration of the neutral atom is written first.

Then requisite no. of electrons is removed from the outermost shell. Electrons from the ns -subshell should be removed before removing any electron from the (n- l)d -subshell.

Examples:

Sodium ion (Na+) : Electronic configuration of \({ }_{11} \mathrm{Na}: 1 s^2 2 s^2 2 p^6 3 s^1 \text {. So, } \mathrm{Na}^{+} \text {lon: } 1 s^2 2 s^2 2 p^6\)

2. Chromium Ion (Cr3+): Electronic Configuration of

\({ }_{24} \mathrm{Cr}: 1 s^2 2 s^2 2 p^6 3 s^2 3 p^6 3 d^5 4 s^1\)

⇒ \(\mathbf{C r}^{3+} \text { ion: } 1 s^2 2 s^2 2 p^6 3 s^2 3 p^6 3 d^3\)

Manganese ion (Mn2+): Electronic configuration of:

Mn2+ ion: 1s22s22p63s2363d5

Ferrous (Fez+) and Ferric (Fe3+) ion: Electronic

Configuration of 26Pe: ls22s2263sz3763d64s2

Ferrous ion (Fe2+): ls22s22p63s23p63d6

Similarly, ferric ion (Fe3+): ls22s22/763s23/?63d5

Cuprous (Cu+) and Cupric (Cu2+) ion: Electronic configuration of 2gCu: ls²2s²2p63s23p63dl04s1

Cu+ ion: ls22s22/763s23/763d10

similarly, cupric ion (Cu2+): 1s²2s22p63s23p63d9

Orbital angular momentum of electron = Jl(l + 1) x ( l = azimuthal quantum number).

Molecules, atoms, or ions containing one or more unpaired electrons exhibit paramagnetic properties. Paramagnetic substances are attracted by the magnetic field.

The magnetic moment of paramagnetic substances depends on the number of unpaired electrons.

Magnetic moment = Jx(x + 2) BM BM = Bohr Magneton (unit of magnetic moment) x = Number of impaired electrons.

Molecules, atoms, or ions containing an even number of electrons exhibit diamagnetic properties. Diamagnetic substances are repelled by the magnetic field.

CBSE Class 11 Chemistry Notes For Oxides Of Caron

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Carbon forms three oxides,: e.g., carbon monoxide (CO), carbon dioxide (C02) and carbon suboxide (C3O2). Among these, the first two are important

CBSE Class 11 Chemistry Notes For Oxides Of Caron

1. Carbon Monoxide

Carbon Monoxide Laboratory preparation:

1. In the laboratory, carbon monoxide is prepared by dehydrating formic acid or oxalic acid after heating with concentrated sulphuric acid.

P Block Elements Oxalic Acid After Heating With Concentrated Sulphuric Acid

2.  When potassium ferrocyanide is heated with excess of the cone, sulphuric acid, and pure carbon monoxide is obtained

P Block Elements Pure Carbon Monoxide

CO cannot be dried by concentrated sulphuric acid:

Concentrated sulphuric acid is a strong oxidising agent. Thus, when CO (a reducing agent) is passed through concentrated H2SO4, it is oxidised by sulphuric acid to CO2

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Carbon Monoxide Other methods of preparation

1. From carbon:

When steam is passed over red hot coke, water gas or synthesis gas (CO + H2) is obtained. CO is separated from the mixture by liquefaction.

P Block Elements From Carbon

When air is passed over hot coke, producer gas (CO + N2) is formed. CO is separated by liquefaction

P Block Elements Produce Gas

2 . From carbon dioxide: When CO2 is passed over red hot carbon, zinc, Iron etc., it is reduced to CO.

CO2 + C→ 2CO; CO2 + Zn→CO + ZnO

CO2 + Fe→FeO + CO

3. From metal oxides: Carbon reduces die oxides of zinc, lead or iron to produce CO.

ZnO + C→Zn + CO; Fe2O3 + 3C →2Fe + 3CO

4. From nickel tetracarbonyl: Pure CO is obtained when nickel tetracarbonyl vapour is heated above 150°C

P Block Elements Nickel Tetracarbonyl

Carbon Monoxide’s Physical properties

  • Carbon monoxide is a colourless, tasteless, odourless gas which is lighter than air. © It is slightly soluble in water.
  • It is a neutral oxide.
  • It is a highly poisonous gas. If only a volume of CO is present in 10,000 volumes of air, then that air is considered to be poisonous.
  • Carbon monoxide molecule P Block Elements Carbon Monoxide Molecule with a lone pair of electrons on carbon combines with Fe-atom present in haemoglobin of the blood to form a very stable complex compound named carboxyhaemoglobin.

Hb + CO →  HbCO; (Hb =Haemoglobin) As CO is almost 100 times more rigidly bonded to Fe-atom than O2, O2 can no longer combine with haemoglobin.

In other words, haemoglobin fails to act as an oxygen-carrier. As a consequence, the body tissues become slackened due to lack of oxygen and ultimately causing death In case of CO poisoning, the patient should immediately be taken to an open area and artificial respiration with carbogen (a mixture of oxygen and 5-10% CO2) should be started.

Carbon Monoxide Chemical properties

1. Combustion:

Carbon monoxide is itself a combustible gas but does not support combustion. It burns in the air with a blue flame and is oxidised to C02. Because of evolution of a large amount ofheat, CO is used as fuel.

2CO + O2 → 2CO2 + 135.2 kcal

The two important fuels containing carbon monoxide are water gas and producer gas. Water gas contains 50% of H2, 40% of CO, 5% of CO2 and 5% of CH4 and N2 while producer gas contains 25% of CO, 4% of CO2,70% of N2 and traces of H2, CH4 and O2

2. Reducing property:

Carbon monoxide is a powerful reducing agent. The oxidation number of carbonin CO is +2 and the highest oxidation number of carbon is +4. So, CO tends to be oxidised and behaves as a strong reducing agent. Various metal oxides are reduced by CO to the corresponding metal.

CuO + CO→Cu + CO2 ; PbO + CO→Pb + CP

ZnO + CO→Zn + CO2; Fe2O3 + 3CO→2Fe + 3CO2

At 90°C, CO reduces iodine pentoxide (12Os) to give violet-coloured iodine. This reaction is called the Ditte reaction.

I2O5+ 5CO→I2 + 5CO2

3. Reaction with sodium hydroxide:

Being a neutral oxide CO does not react with alkali or base under ordinary conditions. But at 200°C and under high pressure, it reacts with caustic soda solution to yield sodium formate.

P Block Elements Sodium Hydroxide

4. Absorption of CO:

When CO is passed through an ammoniacal or acidified cuprous chloride solution, it gets absorbed in that solution to give a white crystalline addition compound as a precipitate. CO can be separated from a gas mixture by this process.

Cu2Cl2 + 2CO + 4H2O→ 2[CuClCOH2O]↓

The addition compound evolves CO on heating.

P Block Elements Evolves CO On Heating

5. Formation of addition compounds:

1. In the presence of sunlight, CO combines directly with chlorine gas to form carbonyl chloride or phosgene gas. It is a colourless poisonous gas:

P Block Elements A Colourless Poisonous Gas

2. CO reacts with sulphur vapour to produce carbonyl sulphide.

P Block Elements Carbonyl Sulphide

3. CO combines with many transition metals to form metal carbonyl compounds. For example, CO reacts with nickel powder at 30-40°C under ordinary pressure to form nickel tetracarbonyl. Again, at 200°C and 100 atmosphere pressure, CO reacts with freshly reduced iron to form pentacarbonyl.

Ni + 4CO →Ni(CO)4; Fe + 5CO→ Fe(CO)5

6. Formation of organic compounds:

Hydrogen reacts with CO at 350°C in the presence of Ni or Pt catalyst to yield methane. If the reaction is carried out at 300°C and 200 atmospheric pressure in the presence of ZnO and Cr2O3 catalyst, methyl alcohol is produced. The oxidation number of carbon in CO decreases from +2 to -4 in methane and to -2 in methyl alcohol.

Therefore, in these two cases, CO exhibits its oxidising property.

P Block Elements CO Exhibits Its Oxidising Property

Identification of carbon monoxide

1. Carbon monoxide burns in air with a blue flame and the gaseous product turns lime water milky [H2 also burns with a blue flame but in this case, steam is formed which turns white anhydrous copper sulphate blue.

2. CO is completely absorbed by the Cu2Cl2 solution in a cone. hydrochloric acid or ammonium hydroxide and as a result, a white crystalline addition compound is precipitated.

3. When a filter paper soaked with a solution of platinum or palladium chloride is held in CO gas, the paper turns pink-green or black due to the reduction ofthe metal salts.

PtCl2 + CO + H2O→ Pt (pink-green) + CO2 + 2HCl

PdCl2 + CO + H2O→Pd (black)+ CO2 + 2HCl

4. When CO gas is passed through an ammoniacal AgNO3 solution, the solution becomes brown

P Block Elements Passed Through Ammonical Solution

5. When a dilute solution of blood shaken with CO, is subjected to spectroscopic analysis, the observed band in the spectrum indicates the presence of CO. The presence of traces ofCOin air can be detected by this experiment.

6. The presence of a very small amount of CO in the air can be detected with the help of halamite tube or colour detector tube. When air containing CO is introduced into this tube I2O5 present in the tube reacts with CO to liberate I2

Because of the violet colour of evolved I2, the colour of the tube changes and the presence of CO in the air is indicated

I2O2 + 5CO→ I2  (Ditte reaction) + 5CO2

Structure of carbon monoxide

Both the carbon and the oxygen atoms in a CO molecule are sp -hybridised. One of |> the sp -hybrid orbital of each atom is used to form a C —O cr -bond while the other sp -orbital of each contains a lone pair of electrons. The two unhybridised 2p -orbitals of each atom are involved in the formation of two pn-pn bonds. In terms of resonance, the CO molecule can be best represented as a resonance hybrid of the following two i resonance structures(I and II).

P Block Elements Resonance Hybrid

The resonance structure (I) is relatively more stable because of the fulfilment of the octet of both atoms.

Uses Of carbon monoxide:

  • CO is used as fuel in the form of producer gas or water gas.
  • It is used as a reducing agent in the extraction of metals.
  • It is used for the preparation of pure nickel by Mond’s process.
  • It is used for the
  • Preparation of methanol, methane, formic acid and synthetic petrol (Fischer-Tropsch process).

Preparation of pure nickel:

Ni(CO)4 is prepared by the reaction between impure nickel and carbon monoxide. Ni(CO)4 is then allowed to decompose by heating to 1.50°C to get pure nickel.

P Block Elements Preparation Of Pure Nickel

2. Carbon dioxide

Carbon dioxide Laboratory preparation:

At ordinary temperature, CO2 is prepared in the laboratory by the action of diluting HCl on calcium carbonate (CaCO3) or marble.

CaCO3 + 2HCl → CaCl2 + CO2 ↑ + H2O

The gas is collected in the gas jar by the upward displacement of air, as it is 1.5 times heavier than air. Carbon dioxide thus produced contains a small amount of HC1 and water vapour. The gas is then passed successively through NaHCO3 solution and cone, sulphuric acid to remove HCl vapour and water vapour respectively.

Dilute sulphuric acid cannot be used for the preparation of CO2 from marble or limestone:

This is because sulphuric acid reacts with CaCO3 to produce insoluble; CaSO4 which forms a layer of CaCO3. This insoluble layer prevents CaCO3 from reacting with the acid and as a result, the evolution of CO2 ceases within a very short time

CaCO3 + H2SO4 →CaSO4+ CO2 + H2O

On the other hand, when dilute hydrochloric acid is, used, highly soluble calcium chloride (CaCl2) is formed. So, the reaction proceeds without any interruption

CO2 can be prepared by the action of dilute H2SO4 on Na2CO3:

The salt, Na2SO4 produced soluble in water or dilute H2SO4

Na2CO3 + H2SO4→ Na2 SO4 + CO2 + H2O

At ordinary temperatures, CO2 is highly soluble in water. Therefore, it is not collected by the downward displacement of water. The solubility of CO2 in hot water is very low and hence it can be collected over hot

Carbon dioxide Other methods of preparation:

1. From carbonate salts:

Except for alkali metal carbonates, all other carbonates undergo thermal decomposition to produce CO2 and the oxides ofthe corresponding metals.

BaCO3 decomposes only at very high temperatures.

P Block Elements Carbonates Salts

Calcium carbonate or limestone is thermally decomposed (1000°C) for the preparation of carbon dioxide on a commercial scale.

2.  From bicarbonate salts:

Bicarbonates of all the elements decompose on heating with the evolution of CO2

P Block Elements Bicarbonate Salts

3. From fermentation:

A large amount of C02 is obtained as a by-product during the manufacture of ethyl alcohol by fermentation of sugar

P Block Elements From Fermentation

From water gas: Water gas is industrially prepared by passing steam through a bed of white-hot coke at about 100°C.

C + H2 O →CO + H2  When a mixture of water gas and excess of steam is passed over (Fe2O3+ Cr2 O3) catalyst heated at 400°C, CO is oxidised to CO2

(CO + H2) + H2O → CO2 + 2H2

The gaseous product is then passed through a solution of potassium carbonate when C02 is completely absorbed and KHCO3 is formed. H2 and unconverted CO pass out. When the resulting KHC03 solution is boiled, CO2 is obtained.

K2CO3 + CO2 + H2O→ 2KHCO3

Carbon dioxide Physical properties

  • Carbon dioxide is a colourless, odourless and tasteless gas having slightly acidic properties.
  • CO2 is 1.5 times heavier than air. So, this gas often accumulates in abandoned wells or pits and because of this, severe breathing problems are caused in such places.
  • By the application of pressure (nearly 40 atmospheric pressure and a temperature < 40°C), CO2 can be easily liquefied.
  • When liquid CO2 is allowed to vaporise rapidly by releasing the pressure, it further gets cooled down and freezes like ice. This is called dry ice or cardice.
  • When solid carbon dioxide is allowed to evaporate at atmospheric pressure, it gets converted into the vapour state without passing through the intermediate liquid state. Therefore, unlike ordinary ice, it does not wet the surface of the substance and because of this, it is called dry ice.
  • It is highly soluble in water (1.7 cm³ of CO2 dissolves in 1 cm³ of water). The solubility increases with an increase in pressure. Aerated waters such as soda water, lemonade etc. contain CO2 under pressure.
  • When the cork of the bottle of aerated water is opened, the pressure is released and excess CO2 escapes in the form of bubbles. Its solubilityin water, however, decreases with temperature rise.

Carbon dioxide Chemical properties

1. Combustion:

Carbon dioxide is neither combustible nor helps in combustion. When it (heavier than air) falls on a binning substance, it removes air from the surface of the substance and thereby the substance can no longer remain in contact with air. As a result, the fire is extinguished. A burning jute stick when inserted into a jar of CO2, extinguishes.

However, when a burning Mgribbon or metallic sodium is inserted into a CO2 jar, it continues to bum with the separation of black carbon.

P Block Elements Combustion

During the burning of such metals, the temperature, due to the liberation of a large amount of heat, is so high that CO2 decomposes into carbon and O2 and it is the oxygen which helps in the burning ofthe metals.

In these reactions, CO2 acts as an oxidising agent and itself gets reduced to carbon. These reactions prove the existence of carbon in CO2 It is to be noted that the oxidation number of carbon in CO2 is +4 and this is its highest state of oxidation.

Thus, there is no possibility of an increase in its oxidation number, i.e., CO2 cannot be further oxidised. That is why CO2 cannot exhibit any reducing property. For the same basic reason, CO2 is not combustible [CO, on the other hand, is combustible because in this case, the oxidation number of carbon may increase from +2 to +4 ].

2.  Acidic property:

Carbon dioxide is an acidic oxide. It dissolves in water forming an unstable dibasic acid called carbonic acid (H2CO3). CO2 is, therefore, regarded as the anhydride of carbonic acid.

H2CO3 is known only in solution and when the solution is heated, CO2 is evolved out The solution turns blue litmus red but it cannot change the colour of methyl orange. H2CO3 forms two types of salts, bicarbonates (HCO3 ) and carbonates (CO32-). Being an acidic oxide, CO2 combines directly with strongly basic oxides such as CaO, Na2O etc. to form their corresponding salts.

CaO + CO2→ CaCO2; Na2O + CO2 →Na2CO3

Reaction with alkali:

When CO2 is passed through a strong alkaline solution of NaOH, a carbonate salt is first formed. If the passage of CO2 is continued for a long time, white crystals of sparingly soluble sodium bicarbonate are precipitated. The bicarbonate salt decomposes on heating to form carbonate salt, CO2and water.

2NaOH + CO2→ Na2 CO3+ H2O

Na2CO3 + CO2+ H2O →2NaHCO3

 Rection with lime water:

When CO2 is passed through lime water, the solution becomes milky due to the formation of white insoluble calcium carbonate. However, when an excess of CO2 gas is passed through this milky solution, its milkiness disappears as insoluble calcium carbonate gets converted into soluble calcium bicarbonate

Ca(OH)2 + CO2 →CaCO3.↓ (white) +H2O

CaCO3 + CO2 + H2O→Ca(HCO3)O2 (soluble)

On heating, calcium bicarbonate decomposes to form calcium carbonate, CO2 and water and as a result, the clear solution becomes milky again.

Ca(HCO3)2→CaCO3↓ + CO2 + H2O

3.  Manufacture of sodium carbonate:

When CO2 gas is passed through a concentrated solution of sodium chloride (brine) saturated with ammonia at 30-40°C, white crystals of sodium bicarbonate are precipitated. The reaction occurs in two stages

NH3 + CO2 + H2O ⇌   NH4HCO3

NH4HCO3 + NaCI→NaHCO3↓+ NH4Cl

Sodium carbonate is prepared by thermal decomposition of sodium bicarbonate. The Solvay process for the manufacture of sodium carbonate is based on this reaction.

4. Production of ammonium sulphate:

This is carried out by passing CO, and NH3 gases through a slurry of powdered gypsum (CaSO4,  2H2O) in water. At first, NH3 and CO2 react together in the presence of water to form ammonium carbonate. It then reacts with calcium sulphate (gypsum) to form calcium carbonate and ammonium sulphate by double decomposition.

2NH3 + CO2 + H2O ⇌ (NH4)2CO3

CaSO4 + (NH4)2CO3→ CaCO3 ↓+ (NH4)2SO4

The nitrogenous fertiliser ammonium sulphate is manufactured by using this reaction. In this process, (NH4)2SO4 is produced without using H2SO4.

5. Production of urea:

At 200-210°C and 150 atm pressure, C02 reacts with ammonia to produce urea.

CO2 + 2NH3 ⇌   NH4COONH2 (Ammonium carbamate) ⇌   CO(NH2)2  (Urea) + HO2 

The important fertiliser, urea is manufactured on a large scale by using this reaction.

6. Photosynthesis:

Plants absorb atmospheric carbon dioxide. In the presence of chlorophyll and sunlight, the absorbed CO2 combines with water (absorbed from the soil) to form glucose, water and oxygen. This process is called photosynthesis. In this process, CO2 is reduced to carbohydrates by water

P Block Elements Photosynthesis

7. Reduction of CO2: When CO2 is passed over heated C, Fe, Zn etc., it is reduced to CO

P Block Elements Reduction Of Carbondioxide

Identification of carbon dioxide

  • It extinguishes a burning stick.
  • Lime water becomes turbid when CO2 is passed through it. When excess of CO2 is passed through it, the turbidity disappears but when that clear solution is boiled, the turbidity reappears.
  • N2 gas also extinguishes burning sticks but it does not turn the water milky. Again, SO2 gas also turns lime water milky but unlike CO2 it reacts with an acidified solution potassium dichromate and changes the colour of the solution from orange to green

Uses Of carbon dioxide

  • CO2 is used in the manufacture of sodium carbonate by the Solvay process and also for the manufacture of fertilisers such as urea, ammonium sulphate etc.
  • CO2  is used in fire extinguishers.
  • It finds extensive use in the preparation of aerated waters such as soda water, lemonade etc. and baking powder.
  • Solid carbon dioxide i.e., dry ice is used as a refrigerant under the commercial name drikold. Dry ice is also used for making cold baths in the laboratory by mixing it with some volatile organic solvents.
  • It is extensively used as a coolant for preserving perishable articles in the food industry, for curing local burns and for surgical operations of sores.

Supercritical CO2 :

  • Supercritical CO2 is used as a. solvent to extract organic compounds from their natural sources, for example, caffeine from coffee beans, perfumes from flowers etc.
  • It is used under the name carbogen (a mixture of 95% O2 and 5% CO2) for the artificial respiration of patients suffering from pneumonia and affected by poisonous gases (CO poisoning).
  • Liquid CO2 is used as a substitute for chlorofluorocarbons in aerosol propellants.

Fire extinguisher

It is a specially designed metallic pressure vessel having a nozzle at one end. A glass bottle containing dilute sulphuric acid is placed inside it and the remaining portion of the vessel is filled with concentrated solution of sodium bicarbonate. When required, the glass bottle can be broken by pressing a knob fitted with the vessel at the other end.

When the glass bottle is broken, the add comes in contact with sodium bicarbonate solution and reacts to yield copious CO2 gas. The gas, ejected under high pressure through the nozzle, falls on the burning substance and as a result, the fire gets extinguished

Na2CO3 + H2SO4 →Na2SO4 + CO2 ↑+ H2O

P Block Elements Fire Extinguisher

Baking powder

Baking powder which is used Fire extinguisher in the preparation of bread consists of a dry mixture of potassium hydrogen tartrate, NaHCO3, tartaric acid and -starch. When this tithe comes in contact with water present in the bread, a chemical reaction leading to the formation of CO2 occurs.

The resulting CO2 gas evolved in the form of bubbles making the bread porous and soft. Moreover, NaHCO3 and tartaric acid also produce CO2 on thermal decomposition

P Block Elements Baking Powder

Structure of carbon dioxide:

In a CO2 molecule, the carbon atom is sp -hybridised whereas the oxygen atoms are sp² – hybridised. Carbon forms two σ -bonds and two pπ- bonds with two oxygen atoms. The shape of the carbon dioxide molecule is, therefore, linear. The molecule is symmetrical (the two bond moments cancel each other) and hence, it is non-polar. The C —O bond length is 1.15Å. CO2 can be represented as a resonance hybrid of the following three structures:

P Block Elements Resonance Hybrid Of Three Structures

CBSE Class 11 Chemistry Notes For Structure Of Atom

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Structure Of Atom Introduction

CBSE Class 11 Chemistry Notes For Structure Of Atom

The Atomic theory of matter was first proposed by Sir John Daltonn (an English scientist) in 1808 his theory, called Dalton’s atomic theory was a landmark in the history of chemistry.

According to this theory, the atom is the smallest, indivisible, discrete particle of matter, which takes part in chemical reactions.

However, the research done by eminent scientists like J.J Thomson Goldstein, Rutherford, Chadwick, Bohr, and others towards the End Of the 19th Century and at the beginning of the 20th century has conclusively proved that atoms were no longer the smallest in divisible practice.

At present Scientists have identified about 35 different subatomic particles that may be divided under three heads which is shown in the adjacent table.

The three subatomic particles namely electrons, protons, and neutrons are the main constituents of an atom and are regarded as the fundamental particles.

Read and Learn More CBSE Class 11 Chemistry Notes

Class 11 Chemistry Structure Of Atoms Subatomic Particles

Atomic Number, Mass Number, Isotope, Isobar And Isotone

Atomic number

The atomic number indicates the total number of unit positive charges present in the nucleus of an atom.

As each proton carries a unit positive charge, the total number of protons present in the nucleus of an atom represents the atomic number of the corresponding element.

As an atom is electrically neutral, the total quantity of positive charge must be equal to that of negative charge carried by the electrons. So the number of protons is equal to the number of electrons.

Thus, the atomic number of the element = total number of protons in the nucleus ofthe atom = total number of electrons in the neutral atom

The atomic number determines the fundamental property of an element. No two elements can have the same atomic number.

Any difference in the number of electrons produces ions without altering the constitution ofthe nucleus.

In the modern version of the periodic table (both short and long), elements are arranged in the increasing order of their atomic numbers.

Mass number

Since the electrons have negligible masses, the mass of an atom is determined by the number of protons and neutrons present in the nucleus. The sum of the number of protons and neutrons present in the nucleus of an atom is called the mass number of that element.

Mass number (A) = No. of protons (Z) + No. of neutrons (N)

Example: The nucleus of a fluorine atom contains 9 protons and 10 neutrons. Therefore, the mass number of fluorine =9+10=19.

Generally, the atomic number (Z) and mass number (A) of an element are represented along with the symbol (X) ofthe element as shown below.

Here mass number A and atomic number Z are inserted as superscripts (to the left or right side) and subscripts (to the left side) of the symbol of the element respectively.

Thus, the symbol \({ }_{17}^{35} \mathrm{Cl} \text { or }{ }_{17} \mathrm{Cl}^{35}\) denotes a chlorine atom with mass number 35 and atomic number 17.

Isotope

According to Dalton’s atomic theory, all atoms of an element are identical in all respects.

However British chemist F. Soddy pointed out for the first time one limitation of this theory when he observed that the same element may have atoms with different atomic masses.

This is because atoms of the same element always contain the same number of protons but they may have different numbers of neutrons, which lead to differences in mass numbers. This phenomenon is known as isotopy.

Isotope Definition: Atoms Of the same element having the same atomic number but different mass numbers are called isotopes.

Example: Hydrogen has three isotopes, protium (H), deuterium (D), and tritium (T) with mass numbers 1, 2, and 3 respectively.

All three isotopes have the same atomic number 1, and they are represented as \({ }_1^1 \mathrm{H},{ }_1^2 \mathrm{H} \text { and }{ }_1^3 \mathrm{H}\) respectively.

Isotopes of other elements (some examples are given below) have no such special names; they are represented by simply indicating the values of mass number and atomic number on their symbol.

Thus isotopes ofchlorine are represented as and \({ }_{17}^{35} \mathrm{Cl} \text { and }{ }_{17}^{37} \mathrm{Cl} \text {. }\)

Characteristics: The characteristics of isotopes are—

The chemical properties of the isotopes of an element are the same. This is because the chemical properties of an element are determined by the number of electrons present in its atom, which in turn is equal to the number of protons present in the nucleus (and hence its atomic number).

However, the different isotopes of an element react at different rates. The lighter isotopes react faster and the reactions involving the heavier isotopes occur slowly.

The physical properties of the isotopes e.g., density, rate of diffusion, etc., which depend on the atomic masses are different.

All the isotopes of an element occupy the same position in the periodic table, although they have different atomic masses. The Greek word isotopes means the place (/so = same, topes = place).

Isotopes may be both radioactive and non-radioactive. The emission of one a -particle and two beta -particles from a radioactive element produce an element that occupies the same place as that of the parent element in the periodic table, although the mass number of the end (daughter) element is 4 units less than that of the parent element So, it will be an isotope of the parent element.

Example: \({ }_{92} \mathrm{U}^{238}\)(Uranium-I) and \({ }_{92} U^{234}\) (Uranlum-Il) are isotopes of the element uranium.

⇒ \({ }_{92}^{238} \mathrm{U} \stackrel{-\alpha}{\longrightarrow} \quad{ }_{90}^{234} \mathrm{Th} \quad \stackrel{-\beta}{\longrightarrow}{ }_{91}^{234} \mathrm{~Pa} \stackrel{-\beta}{\longrightarrow}{ }_{92}^{234} \mathrm{U}\)

Uranium-1 Uranium-9 Uranium-X2 Uranium-2

Different isotopes of an element may have different radioactive properties. Thus \({ }_6^{14} \mathrm{C}\) is not radioactive, while \({ }_6^{14} \mathrm{C}\) exhibits radioactivity.

Class 11 Chemistry Structure Of Atoms Isotopes Of H,He,C,Cl and U-atoms

Elements which do not have natural isotopes: Be-9, F-19, Na- 23, Al-27, P-31, Sc-45, Mn-55, Co-59, As-75, Y-89, Nb-93, Rh-103, 1-127, Cs-133, Pr-141, Tb-159, Ho-165, Tm-169, Au-197, Bi-209. The elements Sn and Xe have 10 and 9 isotopes respectively.

Class 11 Chemistry Structure Of Atoms Uses of Isotopes

Isobar

Isobar Definition: Atoms having the same mass number but different atomic numbers are called isobars.

Example: \({ }_{18}^{40} \mathrm{Ar} \text { and }{ }_{20}^{40} \mathrm{Ca}\) are isobars. Here, Ar and Ca have the respective atomic numbers, 18 and 20.

Therefore, the number of their protons is 18 and 20 respectively, but the total number of protons and neutrons in both cases is 40. Number of neutrons in \({ }_{18}^{40} \mathrm{Ar}=(40-18)=22\) number of neutrons in \({ }_{20}^{40} \mathrm{Ca}=(40-20)=20\)

Although isobars have the same mass number, their atomic numbers are different. Thus isobars are atoms of different elements displaying different physical and chemical properties. They occupy different positions in the periodic table. Other examples of isobars are

⇒ \({ }_1^3 \mathrm{H},{ }_2^3 \mathrm{He}\)

⇒ \({ }_6^{14} \mathrm{C},{ }_7^{14} \mathrm{~N}\)

⇒ \({ }_{51}^{123} \mathrm{Sb},{ }_{52}^{123} \mathrm{Te}\)

⇒ \({ }_{88}^{228} \mathrm{Ra},{ }_{89}^{228} \mathrm{Ac},{ }_{90}^{228} \mathrm{Th}\)

⇒ \({ }_{88}^{228} \mathrm{Ra}^{228}{ }_{89}^{228} \mathrm{Ac},{ }_{90}^{228} \mathrm{Th}\)

⇒ \({ }_{82}^{210} \mathrm{~Pb},{ }_{83}^{210} \mathrm{Bi},{ }_{84}^{210} \mathrm{Po}\)

Isotone

Isotone Definition: Atoms having the same number of neutrons but a different number of protons are called isotones.

Consequently, isotones possess different mass numbers.

Example: \({ }_1^3 \mathrm{H} \text { and }{ }_2^4 \mathrm{He}\) The former contains 1 proton and 2 neutrons, while the latter contains 2 protons and 2 neutrons.

Isotopes are atoms of different elements having the same number of neutrons but different atomic numbers (number of protons).

They occupy different positions in the periodic table and have different physical and chemical properties.

Some Other examples are-

⇒ \({ }_1^3 \mathrm{H},{ }_2^4 \mathrm{He}\)

⇒ \({ }_{14}^{30} \mathrm{Si},{ }_{15}^{31} \mathrm{P},{ }_{16}^{32} \mathrm{~S}\)

⇒ \({ }_{33}^{77} \mathrm{As},{ }_{34}^{78} \mathrm{Se}\)

⇒ \({ }_6^{14} \mathrm{C},{ }_7^{15} \mathrm{~N},{ }_8^{16} \mathrm{O}\)

Comparative Study Of Isotope, Isobar And Isotone

Class 11 Chemistry Structure Of Atoms Comparative Study Of Isotope, Isobar And Isotone

A nuclear isomer is a diaper and isostere Amtoic (nuclides) having the same atomic number and mass number but different radioactive properties are called nuclear isomers and this phenomenon is known as nuclear isomerism.

The nuclei of a radioactive element which exist in different energy states are nuclear isomers.

Examples:

  1. U-X2 (tl/2 = 1.14 min) and U-Z (tl/2 = 6.7 hr.)
  2. 69Zn (tl/2 = 13.8 hr) and 69Zn (tl/2 = 57 min)
  3. 80Br (tl/2 = 4.4 hr) and 80Br (tl/2 = 18 min)

Isodiapher Atoms m which the difference between the number of protons is the same are called isodiapherr, An atomic nuclide and the atom produced from It due to the emission of an a-particle are isodiaphers.

Example: \({ }_{92}^{238} \mathrm{U} \stackrel{-\alpha}{\longrightarrow}{ }_{90}^{234} \mathrm{Th}\)

Class 11 Chemistry Structure Of Atoms Atoms

As the difference in the number of neutrons and protons In the two atoms are the same, they are isodiaphers.

Isostere Atom molecules or ions of similar sires containing the same number of atoms 3rd valence electrons are called isosteres.

Example:

Isosleric species involving cations and neutral atoms: Ne, Na+, Mg2+, Al3+.

Isosteric species involving anions and neutral atoms: N3–, O2–, F–, Ne.

Isosteric species involving cations, anions and mcutral atoms: O2– , F– , Ne, Na+, Mg2+

Isosteric species involving neutral molecules, cations and anions: 1. CN–, CO, NO+, N2 2. CO2, N2O, N2 (azide), OCN– (cyanate), SCN– (thiocyanate).

In general isosteric molecules and Ions have the same shape. In both NO2 and CO2, number of atoms =3 and number of valence electrons = 16. So, they are Isosteres.

CBSE Class 6 Civics Solutions For Chapter 3 What Is Government

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What Is Government

What Is a Government Fact To Remember

  • Every country needs a government to make decisions to function.
  • Providing basic facilities like water, electricity, transport, education, food supply, etc. is the government’s responsibility.
  • The government also looks after international boundaries and maintains peaceful relations with other nations.
  • The government makes laws for the welfare and citizens have to follow these.
  • Government functions at different levels: National, State, and Local.
  • There are different types of governments like monarchy, democracy, etc.
  • In a democracy, it is the people who elect the representatives from among themselves. The government functions for their welfare.
  • These days’ democracies are also called “representative democracies”. All adults are eligible to vote to elect the government.
  • Monarchy is a rule by the hereditary king or queen and citizens have no right to make decisions.
  • Earlier governments did not allow women, the poor, and the uneducated to vote. The suffragette movement in the 1920s gave women the right to vote.

What Is Government Keywords

CBSE Class 6 Civics Solutions For Chapter 3

Read and Learn More CBSE Solutions For Class 6 Social Science

What Is Government Exercises

Question 1. What do you understand by the word ‘government List five ways in which you think the government affects your daily life.

Answer:

By the word, ‘government’ we understand the organization which makes decisions and makes laws for the citizens of the country.

The five ways in which the government affects our daily lives are:

CBSE Class 6 Civics Five Ways Goverment Affect Our Daily Lives

Question 2. Why do you think the government needs to make rules for everyone in the form of laws?

Answer:

The government needs to make rules for everyone in the form of laws because of the following reasons:

  • The government wants to give advantages to the people’s welfare to all without discrimination.
  • To provide equality and justice to all.
  • To maintain peace.
  • To administer the country efficiently.

Question 3. Name two essential features of a democratic government.

Answer:

Essential features of a democratic government:

  • It is the government of the people, by the people, and for the people.
  • People take part in decision-making and making laws through their elected representatives.

Question 4. What was the suffrage movement? What did it accomplish?

Answer:

The movement for voting rights to women was called the suffrage By this, the right to vote for women in many countries started. measures movement.

Question 5. Gandhiji strongly believed that every adult in India should be given the right to vote. However, a few people don’t share his views. They feel that illiterate people, who are mainly poor, should not be given the right to vote. What do you think? Do you think this would be a form of discrimination? Give five points to support your view and share these with the class.

Answer:

We think that all the people whether illiterate or literate, poor or rich, should have the right to vote.

Yes, we think that if the right to vote is denied to illiterate and poor people it will be a form of discrimination.

Five points to support our views:

  1. Wealth is not the criterion of good judgment.
  2. Illiterate or poor might have a strong character.
  3. Government policies affect all.
  4. Democracy talks of equality and justice for all.

CBSE Class 6 Civics Chapter 3 What Is Government Question And Answers

Question 6. Can you list three things that the government does which have not been mentioned?

Answer:

  • To provide drinking water.
  • To give employment to the people.
  • To arrange for housing facilities for the poor.

Question 7. Think of an example of another law. Why do you think it is important that people abide by this law?

Answer:

  • We take an example of freedom to adopt religion.
  • If any person is not allowed to enter a temple, he may go to court against the law, because it is his or her right to go to the temple, if he or she wants to go. (If he follows that religion)
  • No one can deny him to do so.

Question 8. Who gives the government this power to make decisions and enforce laws?

Answer:

The power to make decisions and make laws lies in the form or type of government.

  • In a democracy, it is the people. The people do this through elections.
  • In a monarchy, the king or the queen has the power to make decisions and enforce laws. The monarch may have a small group of advisors to discuss matters but the final decision lies with the monarch.

Question 9. Do you think it is important for people to be involved in decisions that affect them? Give two reasons for your answer.

  • Which type of government would you prefer to have in the place you live in? Why?
  • Which of the statements below is correct? Correct those sentences that you think need correction.
  1. In a monarchy, the country’s citizens are allowed to elect whomever they want.
  2. In a democracy, a king has absolute powers to rule the country.
  3. In a monarchy, people can raise questions about the decisions the monarch takes.

Answer:

  1. Yes, people need to be involved in decisions that affect them. The reasons for them are:
    • The people are affected by price rises, if the prices of essential commodities are raised.
    • People are affected if their dwelling units are demolished. Hence they should be involved in the decision of the demolitions in advance.
  2. We would prefer democracy as a form of government because we, ourselves, make decisions and make laws in a democracy through our elected representatives.
  3. None of the statements are correct.

Correct statements are:

  1. In a monarchy, the citizens are not allowed to elect whomever they want. It is based on heredity.
  2. In a democracy, people have the power.
  3. In a monarchy, people cannot raise questions about decisions taken by the monarch.

Question 10. Can you believe that there was a time when governments did not allow women and the poor to participate in elections?

Answer:

We believe that there was a time when women and the poor were not allowed to participate in elections:

  1. In the earliest times, only land-owning or property-owning men could participate in the elections.
  2. Only educated persons (men only) could participate in voting.
  3. It means the following persons were not allowed to vote:
    • The women
    • The poor
    • The uneducated
    • Propertyless
  4. It was generally before 1920.

Question 11. Look at the statements in the column on the left. Can you identify which level they belong to? Place the tick against the level you consider most appropriate.

Answer:

What Is Government

What Is Government Very Short Type Questions And Answers

Question 1. Why is a person driving without a license jailed or fined a large amount of money?

Answer:

  1. A person has to obtain a driver’s license if he wants to drive a vehicle.
  2. If he does not possess his driving license he can be jailed or fined a huge amount of money as a penalty.
  3. If a person does not know how to drive, he may hit a person on the road.

Question 2. If the people feel that a law is not easy to be followed, what can they do?

Answer:

They can go to court against the law.

Question 3. Name different levels at which the government works.

Answer:

Government works at three levels:

CBSE Class 6 Civics Different Levels At Government Works

Question 4. What is UAF?

Answer:

Universal Adult Franchise means that all adults (18 or above) have a right to vote in the elections.

What Is Government Short Type Questions And Answers

Question 1. Why are some rules to be made?

Answer:

Some rules are to be made that apply to all because of the following reasons:

  1. To control resources.
  2. To protect the boundaries of the country.
  3. To secure the life of the people.

Question 2. How does a government function?

Answer:

Government functions at three levels—national, state, and local.

  • It makes laws. All the citizens have to follow them.
  • It can take decisions and enforce them.

Question 3. What are the two main features of a democracy?

Answer:

Main features of a Democracy:

  1. People elect their leaders.
  2. It is a rule by the people.
  3. People participate in decision-making through their representatives.

Question 4. What is representative democracies?

Answer:

Representative democracies are those democracies in which people participate in the government through their elected representatives (Through the election process).

The representatives meet and make decisions for the entire population.

Question 5. Before Independence what was the voting system in India?

Answer:

Before independence, the voting system in India was:

  • A small minority had the right to vote.
  • They came together to determine the fate of the majority of the people.
  • The final authority to make decisions was with the British (Indian) Government.

Question 6. Why were several people including Gandhiji shocked?

Answer:

  • Several people including Gandhiji were shocked at the practice of minority voting right to make rules and regulations for the majority.
  • They demanded that all adults should have the right to vote. This is called a universal adult franchise.

Question 7. What did Gandhiji write in the journal Young India in 1931?

Answer:

Writing in the journal Young India in 1931, Gandhiji said, “I cannot possibly bear the idea that a man who has got wealth should get the vote but a man who has got character but no wealth or literacy should have no vote.

What Is Government Long Type Questions And Answers

Question 1. What are two types of governments?

Answer:

Two types of governments are democratic and monarchy.

What Is Government Types Of Governments

Question 2. What was the Suffragette movement?

Answer:

During the First World War, the movement for the right to vote for women was strengthened. This was known as suffragette.

  • Women managed different kinds of work during this time.
  • They demanded the right to vote.
  • They chained themselves to railings in public places.
  • Many went on hunger strikes and were imprisoned.
  • Finally, America gave them voting rights in 1920 and the U.K. in 1928.

What Is Government Multiple Choice Questions And Answers

Question 1. What do governments do for their people?

  1. Build the roads and schools
  2. Supply the electricity
  3. Take action on social issues
  4. All of these

Answer: 4. All of these

Question 2. Which agency of the government does the job of protecting the boundaries of the country and maintaining peaceful relations with other countries?

  1. Gram Panchayat
  2. Ministry of Foreign Affairs
  3. Ministry of Defence
  4. Both (2) and (3)

Answer: 4. Both (2) and (3)

Question 3. What is an important part of the central government?

  1. Courts
  2. Private organizations
  3. Public schools
  4. Parliament

Answer: 4. Parliament

Question 4. At which level does a government work?

  1. Local level
  2. State level
  3. National level
  4. All of these

Answer: 4. All of these

Question 5. On which level does the Indian Government take the decision to maintain peaceful relations with the U.S.S.R.?

  1. Local level
  2. State level
  3. Central level
  4. None of these

Answer: 3. Central level

Question 6. Which type of government is chosen by the people?

  1. Democratic Government
  2. Dictatorship
  3. Monarchy Government
  4. None of these

Answer: 1. Democratic Government

Question 7. In which type of government do the kings or queens not have to explain the actions or decisions they take?

  1. Democracy
  2. Monarchy
  3. Both (1) and (2)
  4. None of these

Answer: 2. Monarchy

What Is Government Objective Type Questions And Answers

Question 1. Fill in the blanks with appropriate words:

(1). Government makes _________ for everyone to follow.

Answer: Laws

(2). The term ‘suffrage’ means ___________.

Answer: Right to vote

(3). _________ are also part of the government.

Answer: Courts

(4). Two types of governments are ____________ and ___________.

Answer: Democratic, Monarchy.

Question 2. State whether the given statements are true or false.

(1). Monarchy is a government chosen by the people of the country.

Answer: False

(2). Governments in the past allowed uneducated poor and women to vote.

Answer: False

(3). The local government works at the village, and town levels.

Answer: True

(4). Driving without a license is against the law.

Answer: True

Question 3. Match the content of Column A with that of Column B.

What Is Government Match The Column

Answer: 1-(d), 2-(b), 3-(a), 4-(c)

CBSE Class 6 Geography Solutions For Chapter 1 The Earth In The Solar System

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The Earth In The Solar System Exercises

Question 1. Answer the following questions briefly:

  1. How does a planet differ from a star?
  2. What is meant by the ‘Solar System’?
  3. Name all the planets according to their distance from the sun.
  4. Why is the Earth called a unique planet?
  5. Why do we see only one side of the moon always?
  6. What is the Universe?

Answer:

(1). Difference between a Planet and a Star

The Earth In The Solar System Difference Between A Planet And A Star

(2). Meaning of Solar System: The celestial bodies consisting of the sun, its planets, satellites, asteroids, meteoroids and dust particles form the Solar System.

Read and Learn More CBSE Solutions For Class 6 Social Science

(3) Planets according to their distance from the sun:

  1. Mercury
  2. Venus
  3. Earth
  4. Mars
  5. Jupiter
  6. Saturn
  7. Uranus
  8. Neptune

(4) The Earth is called a unique planet because of the following reasons:

  • Only the earth has conditions favourable for life; in the form of humans, animals and plants.
  • Earth has favourable or suitable temperatures for life. It is neither too hot nor too cold.
  • Earth’s surface has water and air. No other planet in the Solar System has water and air, essential for the survival of humans, plants and animals.
  • Life-giving oxygen gas is found only on the earth.

(5) We see only one side of the moon always because ofthe following reasons:

  • The moon revolves around the earth in 27 days.
  • The moon spins on its axis exactly in 27 days.
  • So, we see only one side of the moon always.

(6) Universe: We see millions and millions of stars, planets, satellites, asteroids, and meteoroids forming galaxies. Innumerable galaxies form the universe.

Question 2. Tick the correct answer.

(1) The planet known as the “Earth’s Twin” is

  1. Jupiter
  2. Saturn
  3. Venus

Answer: 3. Venus

(2) Which is the third nearest planet to the sun?

  1. Venus
  2. Earth
  3. Mercury

Answer: 2. Earth

(3) All the planets move around the sun in a

  1. Circular path
  2. Rectangular path
  3. Elongated path

Answer: 3. Elongated path

(4) The Pole Star indicates the direction of the

  1. South
  2. North
  3. East

Answer: 2. North

(5) Asteroids are found between the orbits of

  1. Saturn and Jupiter
  2. Mars and Jupiter
  3. The Earth and Mars

Answer: 2. Mars and Jupiter

CBSE Class 6 Geography Chapter 1 The Earth In The Solar System Question And Answers

Question 3. Fill In The Blanks:

(1) A group of forming various patterns is called a ___________.

Answer: Stars; constellation

(2) A huge system of stars is called __________.

Answer: Galaxy

(3). ________ is the closest celestial body to our earth.

Answer: Moon

(4). __________ is the third nearest planet to the sun.

Answer: Earth

(5) Planets do not have their own _________ and ____________.

Answer: Heat; light

Question 4. During a vacation visit a planetarium and describe your experience in the class.

Answer: Things we saw at the planetarium.

  1. Working model of the solar system.
  2. Information regarding the number of days taken by planets for rotation and revolution.
  3. Huge telescope.
  4. A short movie on stars and galaxy.
  5. Information about eclipses.

Question 5. Do you wonder why we can’t see the moon and all those bright tiny objects during the daytime?
Answer:

Because the light of the sun in the time is so bright that we cannot see these tiny bright shining objects in the night sky.

Question 6. What do animals and plants require to grow and survive?
Answer:

To grow and survive, animals and plants require heat and energy, oxygen, water and food.

Question 7. Has any Indian landed on the moon?
Answer:.

No Indian has ever landed on the moon. However, Indian astronaut Rakesh Sharma and Indian-American astronauts Kalpana Chawla and Sunita Williams have been to space; but they did not land on the moon.

Question 8. Do you see a whitish broadband, like a white glowing path across the sky on a clear starry night?
Answer:

Yes. A whitish broad band is like a white glowing path across the sky. It is a cluster of stars, known as the Milky Way. It is our galaxy.

The Earth In The Solar System Very Short Types Questions And Answers

Question 1 Why is Venus considered as ‘Earth’s Twin’?

Answer:

Venus is considered as ‘Earth’s Twin’. Because its size and shape are similar to that of the Earth.

Question 2. Why is the Earth called ‘Blue Planet?

Answer:

From the space, the earth looks blue because its two-thirds surface is covered with water. The earth is, therefore, called a Blue Planet.

Question 3. What is a constellation? What is the other name of the Saptarishi constellation?
Answer:

Constellation: In the night, the stars form various patterns and designs. A group of stars forming a particular design is called a constellation.

Saptarishi (design of Seven Stars) is one such constellation (Sapta-seven, rishi-sages). The constellation Saptarishi forms a part of Ursa Major, also called Small Bear.

Question 4. Why do the stars look so tiny and we do not get their heat and light?
Answer:

Stars seem tiny as they are very far away from us, and so we do not feel their heat and light.

Question 5. Which planet has now been termed a Dwarf planet’?
Answer:

Pluto has been termed a dwarf planet by the International Astronomical Union.

Question 6. Define a Geoid.
Answer:

A geoid is a sphere with its ends flattened at the poles.

Question 7. What is the distance between the earth and the moon?
Answer:

Moon is about 3,84,400 km away from Earth.

Question 8. How is the universe formed?
Answer:

Many galaxies like the Milky Way combine to form the universe.

Question 9. How can we locate the position of the Pole Star with the help of the Saptarishi constellation?
Answer:

An imaginary line, passing through pointer stars, always points towards a pole star. Thus we can locate the position of the pole star by this line which passes through the pointer stars.

The Earth In The Solar System Saptarishi And The Pole Star

Question 10. Which is the biggest member of the solar system? Discuss it.

Answer:

The sun is the biggest member of the solar system. It is about 150 million km away from Earth. It is in the centre of the solar system. It is made of extremely hot gases and is the source of all heat and light (energy).

It is a million times larger than our Earth. It is the source of the pulling force that binds the solar system. The earth would be cold and lifeless without solar energy.

Question 11. How does the moon appear different each night?

Answer:

The moon revolves around the Earth. Its position about the sun changes every day. It has no light of its own, it only reflects the light of the sun.

The moon neither decreases nor increases, in reality, it only appears changed because of differences in light falling on it every day.

Question 12. What is an orbit?

Answer:

All the planets of the solar family revolve around the sun in elongated paths, known as orbit.

Question 13. Why does the moon not have conditions favourable for life?

Answer:

The moon does not have conditions favourable for life because of the following reasons:

It has neither water nor air.

Question 14. Why do we see shadows on the moon?

Answer:

  1. The moon has mountains, plateaus, plains and depressions on its surface.
  2. In the reflected light on the earth, these features look like shadows. Hence, we see shadows on the surface of the moon.

The Earth In The Solar System Short Type Questions And Answers

Question 1. Write the major features of the moon.

Answer:

The moon is the only natural satellite of the earth.

The Earth In The Solar System The Major Features Of The Moon

Question 2. State some characteristics of stars.

Answer:

The Earth In The Solar System The Characteristics Of Stars

Question 3. What are the characteristics of some of the celestial bodies like the earth and the moon?

Answer:

Some of the celestial bodies like the earth and the moon do not have their heat and light. They only reflect the light of the sun.

  • The earth is a planet of the sun.
  • Whereas the moon is a satellite of the earth.

Question 4. What is a galaxy?

Answer:

A galaxy is a huge system of stars, clouds of dust and gases. The white glowing path of stars across the sky is called the Milky Way galaxy.

We in India call it Akash Ganga. It has millions of stars very close to one another. Many galaxies make up the Universe.

Question 5. Name the largest and the smallest planets. Which planets are bigger and which are smaller than the Earth?

Answer:

CBSE Class 6 Geography Solutions For Chapter 1

Question 6. How would the earth be affected if it is taken:

  1. Too nearer or
  2. Too far from the Sun?

Answer:

  1. If the earth is taken too near to the sun, its temperature will grow higher since it will get a greater amount of heat. It will become unfit for habitation as it would be a hot desert.
  2. If the earth is taken too far from the sun its temperature will fall. It will get a lesser amount of heat. It would become an ice-bound desert; and would be unfit
    for human habitation.

Question 7. Which two planets are closest to the sun? Write about them.

Answer:

Mercury is the nearest and closest planet to the sun. It takes about 88 days to complete its revolution around the sun. It is very hot and is the smallest planet.

Venus is the second closest and is called “earth’s.twin”. It is very similar to Earth in shape and size.

Question 8. What is the position of our planet, the earth, in our solar system?

Answer:

The Earth is the third nearest planet to the sun. Based on its size it is the fifth largest planet. It is slightly flattened at the poles, and has a bulge on the equator, it is described as a Geoid.

Long Type Questions And Answers

Question 1. Distinguish between a Satellite? and a Star.

Answer:

Distinction between a satellite and a star:

The Earth In The Solar System Distinction Between A Satellite And A Star

Question 2. Differentiate between a Planet and a Satellite.

Answer:

Difference between a Planet and a Satellite:

The Earth In The Solar System Difference Between A Planet And A Satellite

Question 3. Describe asteroids and meteoroids.

Answer:

CBSE Class 6 Geography - Difference Between Asteroid And Meteoroid

Question 4. Explain some features of the earth.

Answer:

CBSE Class 6 Geography - Earth

Question 5. Describe the sun and its planets with the help of a diagram.

Answer:

The Earth In The Solar System Solar System

CBSE Class 6 Geography - sun and its planets

The Earth In The Solar System Multiple Choice Questions Answers

Question 1. What are celestial bodies?

  1. The sun
  2. The Moon
  3. All the shining bodies in the sky
  4. All of these

Answer: 4. All of these

Question 2. The celestial bodies which, have their heat and light are called:

  1. Planets
  2. Stars
  3. Satellites
  4. All of these

Answer: 2. Stars

Question 3. The celestial bodies which do not have their heat and light but are lit by the light of the stars are named as:

  1. Stars
  2. Planets
  3. Both (1) and (2)
  4. None of these

Answer: 2. Planets

Question 4. The word ‘planet’ has been derived from the word ‘planetai’ which is a:

  1. Latin word
  2. German word
  3. Greek word
  4. English word

Answer: 3. Greek word

Question 5. The earth is called a unique planet as:

  1. It is neither too hot nor too cold
  2. There is the presence of air and water
  3. It has oxygen, light and supporting gases
  4. All of these

Answer: 4. All of these

Question 6. The earth is called a blue planet because of the presence of:

  1. Water
  2. Deserts
  3. Mountains
  4. Plateau

Answer: 1. Water

Question 7. How many days moon take to revolve around the Earth?

  1. 29 days
  2. 30 days
  3. 27 days
  4. 31 days

Answer: 3. 27 days

Question 8. Meteoroids are made up of:

  1. Dust
  2. Pieces of rocks
  3. Gases
  4. None of these

Answer: 2. Pieces of rocks

Question 9. What is called a cluster of millions of stars, shining white in the starry sky?

  1. Stars
  2. Planets
  3. Milky Way galaxy
  4. Satellites

Answer: 3. Milky Way galaxy

Question 10. What makes the universe?

  1. Millions of galaxies
  2. Millions of stars
  3. Earth
  4. Satellites

Answer: 1. Millions of galaxies

The Earth In The Solar System Objective Type Questions And Answers

Question 1. Fill in the blanks with appropriate words:

(1). The Saptarishi constellation is also known as _________ constellation.

Answer: Small bear

(2). The Pole star indicates the ___________ direction.

Answer: North

(3). Asteroids are found between the orbits of ___________ and ___________.

Answer: Mars and Jupiter

(4). The Hindi word for full moon night is _________ and new moonlight is called ________.

Answer: Poornima and Amavasya

(5). ________ has recently been described as a dwarf planet.

Answer: Pluto

(6). ___________, ___________ and __________ have rings around them.

Answer: Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus.

Question 2. Match the contents of Column A with Column B.

The Earth In The Solar System Match The Column

Answer: (1)-(c), (2)-(d), (3)-(b), (4)-(a), (5)-(f), (6)-(e)

Question 3. State whether the given statements are true or false.

(1). All the planets revolve around the sun in a fixed circular path.

Answer: False

(2). Moon does not have conditions favourable for life.

Answer: True

(3). The Sun is a star.

Answer: True

(4). Earth is the only planet to have artificial satellites.

Answer: True

(5). Geoid shape is a perfect sphere.

Answer: False

CBSE Class 6 Geography Solutions For Chapter 4 Maps

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Maps

Maps Facts To Remember

  • Three components of maps are — distance, direction and symbols.
  • Symbols are used to show features like roads, bridges, railways etc.
  • Maps provide more information than a globe.

Maps Keywords

CBSE Class 6 Geography Solutions For Chapter 4

Read and Learn More CBSE Solutions For Class 6 Social Science

Maps Exercises

Question 1. Answer the following questions briefly.

  1. What are the three components of a map?
  2. What are the four cardinal directions?
  3. What do you mean by the term ‘the scale of the map’?
  4. How are maps more helpful than a globe?
  5. Distinguish between a map and a plan.
  6. Which map provides detailed information?
  7. How do symbols help in reading maps?

Answer:

(1) Three components of a map.

  1. Distance
  2. Direction
  3. Symbols

(2) Four cardinal directions:

  1. North
  2. South
  3. East
  4. West

Maps Compass

Maps Four Cardinal Points

(3). The Scale of the Map:

The ratio between the distance on the paper and the actual distance on the ground is defined as the scale of the map.

Example: 1 cm = 5 kms.

  • It means the distance on the paper between two points is 1 cm.
  • The distance on the ground (actual distance) is 5 km.
  • 1 cm distance on the paper represents a 5 km distance on the ground.

Maps A Scale

(4). Maps are more helpful than globe because of the following reasons:

  1. Globe cannot be used in all conditions.
  2. Globe can be used only when we want to study the whole Earth.
  3. It cannot be used when we want to study a village, road, building etc.
  4. Maps are used in the study of features more minutely.
    • It contains innumerable facts.
    • Maps can be found in the form of an Atlas.
    • Maps provide more information than the Globe.

(5). Distinction between a map and a plan.

Maps Distinction Between A Map And A Plan

(6). Large-scale maps provide detailed information. They show small areas on a large scale.

(7) With the use of symbols maps are more informative and easier to read because of the following reasons:

  • By symbols, we can easily recognise the places such as: -rivers, temples, mosques, trees, etc.
  • Language does not put any problem in understanding the feature.
  • Even the less educated can understand the information easily.

Question 2. Match the correct answer:

(1) Maps showing the distribution of forests are:

  1. Physical map
  2. Thematic map
  3. Political map

Answer: 2. Thematic map

(2) The blue colour is used for showing:

  1. Water bodies
  2. Mountains
  3. Plains

Answer: 1. Water bodies

(3) A compass is used

  1. To show symbols
  2. To find the main direction
  3. To measure distance

Answer: 2. To find the main direction

(4) A scale is necessary

  1. For a map
  2. For a sketch
  3. For symbols.

Answer: 1. For a map

CBSE Class 6 Geography Chapter 4 Maps Question And Answers

Map Very Short Type Questions And Answers

Question 1. What are the limitations of a globe?

Answer:

  • Globe is of little help when we want to study only a part of the earth, about our country, states; districts, towns and villages.
  • Globe is not easy to handle.

Question 2. What is an atlas?

Answer:

A collection of maps is an atlas.

Question 3. What is a north line?

Answer:

An arrow marked with the letter N at the upper right-hand comer of a map is called the north line.

Question 4. Which instrument helps to find direction?

Answer:

The instrument is called a compass.

Maps Short Type Questions And Answers

Question 1. What is a map? Describe its major features.

Answer:

Maps Map And Its Major Features

Question 2. How are different physical features shown on the map?

Answer:

Symbols and colours are used to show physical features.

For example, brown colour for mountains, blue colour for water bodies, green colour for forests.

Question 3. Define Sketch.

Answer:

CBSE Class 6 Geography - Sketch

Question 4. What is a Plan?

Answer:

CBSE Class 6 Geography - Plan

Question 5. Describe various types of maps.

Answer:

Maps are of various types. They are:

Maps Various Types Of Maps

Question 6. Explain the two types of maps based on scale.

Answer:

CBSE Class 6 Geography - Maps Based On Scale

Question 7. How are directions known?

Answer:

Directions are known by the following ways:

  1. Maps contain an arrow marked with the letter ‘N’ on the upper right side.
    • This arrow shows the North direction.
    • It is called the north line, with this one can find out other directions For Example. north, east, west and south are called cardinal points.
    • The other four intermediate directions are North-East (NE), South-East (SE), South-West (SW) and North-West (NW).
    • One can locate any place more accurately with the help of these intermediate directions.
  2. One can also know the directions with the help of a compass.

Maps Long Type Questions And Answers

Question 1. How is the distance measured? Define a scale.

Answer:

  1. Maps reduce the entire world or its parts to fit on a sheet of paper.
  2. But this reduction is done very carefully so that the distance between the places Eire kept true.
    • By reduction of the map, a small distance on paper represents a large distance on the ground.
    • To reduce a map, a scale is chosen.
  3. Scale is the ratio between the actual distance on the ground and the distance shown on the map.
    • The distance between the school and home of the student is 10 km. If he shows this 10 km distance by 2 cm on the map, it means, 1 cm on the map will show 5 km on the ground. Thus the scale will be 1 cm = 5 km.
    • Scales are used for measuring distances.

For example, to find out the distance between the post office and the clock tower, one can measure the distance between these points on the map and calculate the actual distance as per the scale.

Question 2. What are symbols? Why do we need them?

Answer:

CBSE Class 6 Geography - Symbols

Maps Multiple Choice Questions And Answers

Question 1. What is a map?

  1. A globe
  2. A drawing of the earth’s surface on a flat paper according to scale
  3. A projection
  4. None of these

Answer: 2. A drawing of the earth’s surface on a flat paper according to scale

Question 2. What is a physical map?

  1. Showing natural features of the earth such as mountains, rivers etc.
  2. Showing cities, towns and villages with boundaries
  3. Showing rainfall, distribution of forests etc.
  4. None of the above

Answer: 1. Showing natural features of the earth such as mountains, rivers etc.

Question 3. Which map gives more information?

  1. Small scale map
  2. Large scale map
  3. Ordinary map
  4. None of the above

Answer: 2. Large-scale map

Question 4. What does ‘N’ with the arrow show?

  1. Direction of North
  2. Direction of East
  3. Direction of West
  4. Direction of South

Answer: 1. Direction of North

Question 5. The blue colour is used for showing

  1. Mountains
  2. Plants and trees
  3. Water
  4. None of the above

Answer: 3. Water

Question 6. A scale is compulsory for

  1. A map
  2. A sketch
  3. A symbol
  4. All of these

Answer: 1. A map

Question 7. For what purpose magnetic compass is used?

  1. For measuring distance
  2. For showing symbols
  3. To find the directions
  4. For all of these

Answer: 3. For finding the directions

Question 8. The plan is a drawing of

  1. A small area on a large scale
  2. Large area on a small scale
  3. Both (1) and (2)
  4. None of these

Answer: 1. Small area on a large scale

Question 9. Yellow colour is used for showing

  1. Plateau
  2. Water bodies
  3. Mountains
  4. Plants

Answer: 1. Plateau

Maps Objective Type Questions And Answers

Question 1. Fill in the blanks with appropriate words:

(1). We need a _________ to study earth as a whole.

Answer: Globe

(2). There are _________ intermediate directions.

Answer: Four

(3). __________ colour is used to show plateaus.

Answer: Yellow

(4). ________ is used to show post and telegraph office on the map.

Answer: P.T.O

Question 2. Match the contents of Column A with that of Column B.

Maps Match The Column

Answer: 1-(f), 2-(d), 3-(e), 4-(c), 5-(a), 6-(b)

Question 3. State whether the given statements are true or false.

(1). A scale is not compulsory for a map.

Answer: False

(2). Small-scale maps are used to show continents and oceans.

Answer: True

(3). Plan does not require a scale.

Answer: False

(4). Green colour on maps indicates hills.

Answer: False

CBSE Class 6 Civics Solutions For Chapter 1 Understanding Diversity

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Understanding Diversity

Understanding Diversity Facts to Remember

Aspects like looks, behavior, culture, religion, and language; distinguish people from each other.

  • Diversity means a lack of uniformity.
  • Inequality comes from having different access to resources and opportunities.
  • Caste, religion, financial status, education, etc. are different forms of inequalities.
  • India is a land of diversities geographical, cultural, religious, and regional.
  • People differ in customs, religions, languages, habits, dress, etc.
  • Despite these diversities, some similarities unite us.
  • During the freedom struggle the whole country was united despite diversities.
  • Our flag reminds us of our unity in diversity.
  • Our national anthem also reminds us of our unity in diversity.

Understanding Diversity Keywords

CBSE Class 6 Civics Solutions For Chapter 1

Understanding Diversity Exercises

Question 1. Draw up a list of the different festivals celebrated in your locality. Which of these celebrations are shared by members of different regional and religious communities?

Read and Learn More CBSE Solutions For Class 6 Social Science

Answer:

Different festivals celebrated in our locality which are shared by members of different regional and religious communities:

Understanding Diversity List Of The Different Festival Celebrations

National festivals like Republic Day, Independence Day, or Gandhi Jayanti are celebrated by all.

Most of the Hindu festivals are celebrated by Jains also.

Question 2. What do you think living in India with its rich heritage of diversity adds to your life?

Answer:

Yes, living in India with its rich heritage of diversity adds to our life in the following ways:

  1. We know different people, their cultures, customs, traditions, and backgrounds. These diverse things add to our life.
  2. Geographical diversities decide our way of life, our food, our occupations, and many other things.
  3. South Indian meals like Dosa and idli, add to my meal.
  4. Punjabi meals like Chhole Bhature, and Lassi, which I take occasionally.

Question 3. Do you think the term ‘unity in diversity’ is an appropriate term to describe India? What do you think Nehru is trying to say about Indian unity in the sentence quoted above from his book The Discovery of India?

Answer:

Yes, we think that the term ‘unity in diversity’ is an appropriate term to describe India.

Diversities:

  1. Geographical diversities like different physical features, climates, vegetation, rivers, and lakes.
  2. Cultural diversities like different languages, religions, communities, customs, traditions, festivals, rituals, etc.

Despite all these diversities, there is unity among the people.

  • We are one.
  • We stood against the British and threw the mighty empire by adopting Ahimsa and other means.
  • All the people, belonging to various regions, are one when the country’s interests are involved.
  • In natural disasters, we, wholeheartedly, are with them in their sufferings.

CBSE Class 6 Civics Chapter 1 Understanding Diversity Question And Answers

Question 4. Underline the line in the poem sung after the Jallianwala Bagh massacre, which according to you, reflects India’s essential unity.

Answer:

According to me, the following line reflects India’s essential unity:

“O, friend!

The blood of Hindus and Muslims flows together today.”

Question 5. Choose another region in India and do a similar study of the historical and geographical factors that influence the diversity found there. Are these historical and geographical factors connected? How?

Answer:

We choose Assam and Maharashtra in India.

Understanding Diversity Comparision Between Assam And Maharashtra

Both areas are diverse but traditionally they are the same.

Question 6. How did India become like this?
Answer:

CBSE Class 6 Civics India Beacame Unity In Diversity

Question 7. Are all kinds of differences a part of diversity?

Answer:

Yes.

Question 8. Can diversity also be a part of unity?

Answer:

Yes, diversity can also be a part of unity.

Question 9. By now you must have recognized the many ways in which you are quite like some of your classmates and other ways in which you are different from them.

Answer:

We are quite like some of our classmates in the following ways:

  1. We wear the same uniform.
  2. We speak the same language.
  3. We like cricket the most.

We are different from others in the following ways:

  1. We do not like Mahatma Gandhi in the same ways as other boys.
  2. Our favorite festivals are different.
  3. We do not study and do homework in the same way as others do.

Question 10. Name three ways in which Samir Ek and Samir Do were different. Did these differences prevent them from becoming friends?

Answer:

Samir Ek and Samir Do were different in the following three ways:

  1. Samir Ek knew English, and Samir Do spoke in Hindi. He did not attend school.
  2. Samir Ek is Hindu; while Samir Do is Muslim.
  3. Samir Ek was a student while Samir Do was a newspaper hawker.

No, these differences did not prevent them from becoming friends; because emotional bonds may bind them together and may make them friends.

Question 11. Make a list of the festivals that might have been celebrated by the two boys.

Samir Ek:

Samir Do:

Can you think of a situation in which you made friends with someone very different from you? Write a story that describes this.

Answer:

Understanding Diversity List Of The Festival Celebrations

Yes, we can think of a situation in which we made Mends with someone very different from us.

Now the students can tell a story of this event themselves.

Question 12. Why do you think Samir Do did not attend school? Do you think it would have been easy for him to attend school if he wanted to? In your opinion is it a fair situation that some children get to go to school and others don’t?

Answer:

  1. Samir Do did not attend school due to the following reasons:
    • He had to earn his livelihood and for his mother.
    • His mother does not have sufficient money to send him to school.
  2. Yes, we think that he could have attended—school though not very easily, for the following reasons:
    • After selling newspapers he had enough time to attend school in the evening shift.
    • He would have been able to save some rupees to meet our expenses for his studies.
    • He had enough time to study at night.
  3. In my opinion, it is not a fair situation that some children get to go to school and others do not.
    • Every child must go to school.

Question 13. Make a list of the food that you have eaten from different parts of India.

Make a list of the languages besides your mother tongue that you can speak at least one or two words of.

Answer:

List of foods, I have eaten, from different parts of India:

Understanding Diversity List Of Food From Different Pats Of India

List of languages besides my mother tongue, I can speak:

  1. Hindi
  2. Punjabi
  3. English

I can speak two words of the following languages:

Tamil and Chinese

Question 14. Do you think you will enjoy living in a place like this? List five different things that you would miss the most if you lived here.

Answer:

No.

List of five things I will miss:

  1. Friends
  2. Good food
  3. Relatives
  4. City environment
  5. Schools and Colleges.

Question 15. List at least three different ways in which people in India do the following: One of the possible answers has been provided for you already.

Answer:

Understanding Diversity List Of Three Different Ways

Question 16. Look at the map of India in Atlas and locate Kerala and Ladakh. Can you list three ways in which the different geographical locations of these two regions would influence the following?

  1. The food people eat:
  2. The clothes they wear:
  3. The work they do:

Answer:

Yes, we can list three ways in which the different geographical locations of these two regions (Kerala and Ladakh) would influence:

Understanding Diversity Different Geography Location Of These Two Regions

Question 16. Do you know the story of the Indian Flag?

Answer:

Yes, the story of the Indian Flag is very interesting.

  • Initially same flag, being used now, was adopted as the national flag in the Lahore session of 1929, by the Congress. But that flag had Charkha in the center, instead of Chakra which is being used now.
  • The national flag underwent several changes
  • At last, the present flag came into being.

Question 17. India’s national anthem, composed by Rabindranath Tagore, is another expression of the unity of India. In what way does the national anthem describe this unity?

Answer:

By reading the National Anthem it is revealed that it describes all the regions and people as one and as a part of one nation-India such as:

Punjab, Gujarat, Maratha, Dravid, Utkal, Banga.

Understanding Diversity Very Short Type Questions And Answers

Question 1. How is India a country of diversity?

Answer:

India is a land of diversities because of the following:

  1. People speak different languages.
  2. They eat different types of foods.
  3. They celebrate different festivals.
  4. They practice different religions.

Question 2. What things are common in India?

Answer:

  1. National flag
  2. National song
  3. National symbols
  4. Common culture

Question 3. Which religions are practiced in Kerala?

Answer:

Judaism, Islam, Christianity, and Hinduism are practiced in Kerala.

Question 4. What was the importance of our flag during the freedom struggle?

Answer:

The Indian flag was used as a symbol of protest against British rule.

Understanding Diversity Short Type Questions And Answers

Question 1. How was unity in diversity seen during the British rule in India?

Answer:

The people of India have diverse cultures, customs, traditions and backgrounds.

  1. British took advantage of this diversity and ruled India for 200 years.
  2. However, the diverse people rose against the British as one nation. They showed unity in diversity and threw their rule from India.
    • Men and women from different cultures, customs, and traditions together to oppose the British.
    • They took part in the freedom struggle.
    • They went to jail together.
  3. Ultimately they uprooted the British Empire from India and attained freedom in 1947.

Question 2. India has a diverse cultural, religious, and geographical background. In what other terms people are different? Explain with an example.

Answer:

There is a difference between the ‘haves’ and ‘have rugs’ in society.

  1. Some people have resources, luxuries, and opportunities while others do not have them at all.
  2. The caste system is another example of social inequality. People are divided based on work done by them. Some people are considered untouchables.

Question 3. From where do people get their ideas for writing stories?

Answer:

People who write stories get ideas from all sorts of different places such as

  1. Books
  2. Real life
  3. Their imagination.

People living in forests chose to write about their fights and friendships with animals.

  • Others wrote stories about love and honour describing kings and queens.
  • Some people wrote their childhood memories of school and friends.

Question 4. What does Jawahar Lai Nehru say in his book, ‘Discovery of India’ about unity in diversity?

Answer:

Jawahar Lai Nehru says that Indian unity is not imposed from the outside.

  • It is something deeper.
  • People practice the widest tolerance of beliefs and customs.
  • Nehru described the country, as “unity in diversity.”

Understanding Diversity Long Type Questions And Answers

Question 1. How do we explain diversity?

Answer:

Diversity means dissimilarities.

  • Dissimilarity may be in food, culture, religion, language, dress, etc.
  • In our country, we have a variety of cultures, languages, food, religions etc.
  • Diversity occurs when people travel to different destinations within or outside the country.
  • Their language, choice of food, music, etc. change. This inter-mixing of cultures and traditions gives rise to diversity.
  • Diversity may also occur due to different geographical conditions.

Question 2. Compare life in two different parts of country-Kerala and Ladakh.

Answer:

Life in two different parts of the country:

Understanding Diversity Life In Two Different Parts Of The Country

Understanding Diversity Multiple Choice Questions And Answers

Question 1. To which caste does Samir Ek belong?

  1. Muslim
  2. Hindu
  3. Sikh
  4. None of these

Answer: 2. Hindu

Question 2. Which language does Samir speak?

  1. English
  2. Hindi
  3. Sanskrit
  4. Tamil

Answer: 2. Hindi

Question 3. What does Samir do?

  1. Goes to school
  2. Sell newspapers
  3. Both (1) and (2)
  4. None of these

Answer: 2. Sell newspapers

Question 4. From which religion does Samir Do belong?

  1. Hindu
  2. Muslim
  3. Sikh
  4. Christian

Answer: 2. Muslim

Question 5. On which source do the people of Ladakh depend for drinking water?

  1. Rivers
  2. Sea
  3. Melting of snow
  4. None of these

Answer: 3. Melting of snow

Question 6. Which region/state produces the pashmina wool?

  1. Ladakh
  2. Jamshedpur
  3. Kolkata
  4. Delhi

Answer: 1. Ladakh

Question 7. What is dzos?

  1. A type of yak-cow
  2. A type of dog
  3. A type of goat
  4. A type of cat

Answer: 1. A type of yak-cow

Question 8. Name the religion that reached Tibet via Ladakh.

  1. Jainism
  2. Buddhism
  3. Muslims
  4. Sikhs

Answer: 2. Buddhism

Question 9. The utensil used for frying cheena-vala is called

  1. Fry-pan
  2. Cheenachatti
  3. Both (1) and (2)
  4. None of these

Answer: 2. cheenachatti

Question 10. Which is the major product grown in Kerala?

  1. Wool
  2. Spices like clove
  3. Both (1) and (2)
  4. None of these

Answer: 2. Spices like clove

Question 11. While the British ruled India, women and men from different regions, and cultural faith came together for

  1. Helping them
  2. Opposing them
  3. Both (1) and (2)
  4. None of these

Answer: 2. opposing them

Understanding Diversity Objective Type Questions And Answers

Question 1. Fill in the blanks with appropriate words:

(1). Pashmina shawls are woven at ___________.

Answer: Himadri

(2). Life of Muslims is described in a travelogue written by ________.

Answer: Vindhyas, Satpuras

(3). Yak-cows are also called __________.

Answer: India, China

(4). _______ and _________ traders visited Kerala and Ladakh.

Answer: 2933 km

(5). Corals are _______ of polyps.

Answer: skeletons.

Question 2. Match the contents of Column A with that of Column B.

Understanding Diversity Match The Column

Answer: 1-(d), 2-(e), 3-(c), 4-(a), 5-(b), 6-(f)

Question 3. State whether the following statements are true or false.

(1). Peninsular plateau is triangular.

Answer: True

(2). The Great Indian Desert lies to the east of India.

Answer: False

(3). Andaman and Nicobar Islands are located in the Bay of Bengal.

Answer: True

(4). Sun rises 3 hours earlier in the east (Arunachal Pradesh) than in the west (Gujarat).

Answer: False

(5). Eastern ghats are also known as Sahyadris.

Answer: False

Globe Latitudes And Longitudes

by

Globe Latitudes And Longitudes Exercises

Question 1. Answer the following questions briefly:

  1. What is the true shape of the earth?
  2. What is a globe?
  3. What is the latitudinal value of the Tropic of Cancer?
  4. What are the three heat zones of the Earth?
  5. What are the parallels of latitude and meridians of longitude?
  6. Why does the torrid zone receive the maximum amount of heat?
  7. Why is it 5.30 p.m. in India and noon in London?

Answer:

(1). The true shape of the earth is a geoid-earth-like shape. In other words, it is orange-shaped.

(2). Globe: A Globe is a three-dimensional model of the earth which shows the earth in its actual shape, with all continents, and oceans marked at their respective places.

(3). 231/2° N.

(4). (1). Torrid Zone, (2). Temperate Zone, (3). Frigid Zone.

(5) Parallels of Latitudes and Meridians of Longitudes:

  • Parallels of Latitudes:
    • All the imaginary parallel circles from the equator to the poles are called parallels of latitudes.
  • Meridians of Longitudes:
    • All the imaginary semi-circles that join the north pole to the south pole are termed meridians of longitudes.

Read and Learn More CBSE Solutions For Class 6 Social Science

(6) The Torrid Zone receives the maximum amount of heat because for the following reasons:

  • The sun shines perpendicularly between the Tropic of Cancer and the Tropic of Capricorn throughout the year.
  • Perpendicular sun rays give more heat than slanting sun rays.

(7) It is 5.30 p.m. in India when it is noon in London* because of the following reasons:

  • London is located at 0° longitude while a time of 82 1/2° E longitude is taken as standard time in India.
  • There is a difference of 82 1/2° between the longitude of London and the Standard Meridian of India (82 1/2° E).
  • Time in India is ahead of London. The time difference is 4 minutes ahead at every longitude towards the east.
  • Hence time in India is ahead of London by 5.30 hours (4 x 82 1/2 = 330 minutes or 5.30 hours).

Question 2. Match the correct answers.

(1). The value of the prime meridian is

  1. 90°
  2. 0°
  3. 60°

Answer: 2. 0°

(2). The frigid zone lies near

  1. The Poles
  2. The Equator
  3. The Tropic of Cancer

Answer: 1. The Poles

(3). The total number of longitudes are

  1. 360
  2. 180
  3. 90

Answer: 1. 360

(4). The Antarctic Circle is located in

  1. The Northern hemisphere
  2. The Southern hemisphere
  3. The Eastern hemisphere

Answer: The Southern hemisphere

(5). Grid is a network of

  1. Parallels of latitudes and meridians of longitudes
  2. The Tropic of Cancer and the Tropic of Capricorn
  3. The North Pole and the South Pole.

Answer: Parallels of latitudes and meridians of longitudes

Question 3. Fill in the blanks:

(1). The Tropic of Capricorn is located at ___________.

Answer: 23 1/2° South of equator

(2). The Standard Meridian of India is ____________.

Answer: 82 1/2° E

(3). The 0° Meridian is also known as _________.

Answer: Prime Meridian or Greenwich Line

(4). The distance between the longitudes decreases towards __________.

Answer: Poles

(5). The Arctic Circle is located in the ________ hemisphere.

Answer: Northern

Question 4. How to locate a place on it (the Earth or Globe)?

Answer:

If we want to locate a place on the globe we have to do the following exercise:

  • First, we have to know the latitude and longitude of that place.
  • Now we draw the meridian and parallel of latitude of that place based on its longitude and latitude.
  • For example, Dhubri in Assam is situated at 26° N latitude and 90°E longitude.
  • The point where these meridian and parallel latitudes intersect themselves will be the location of that place.

Question 5. How many Torrid and Temperate Zones are there on the earth?

Answer:

On the earth,

  1. There is only one Torrid Zone lying between the Tropic of Cancer and the Tropic of Capricorn.
  2. There are two separate zones.
    • North Temperate Zone lies between the Tropic of Cancer and the Arctic Circle in the Northern Hemisphere.
    • South Temperate Zone lies between the Tropic of Capricorn and Antarctic Circle in the Southern Hemisphere.

Question 6. Do all longitudes meet at the same place?

Answer:

Yes, all the longitudes meet at the North Pole and South Pole. They are semicircles.

Question 7. Find out the location of different circles.

Answer:

Globe Latitudes And Longitudes Location Of Different Circles

Question 8. Do you know what is the time difference between India and England?

Answer:

The time difference between India and England is 5.30 hours.

  1. If it is noon in England, it is 5.30 p.m. in India; because time is ahead in India than in England by 5.30 hours.
  2. This can be calculated in the following manner:
    • Difference between 0° longitude and 82 1/2° E longitude = 82W
    • Time in the East is ahead by 4 minutes on passing every meridian
    • Hence time ahead 82 1/2 x 4 = 330 minutes or 5.30 hours.

Globe Latitudes And Longitudes Very Short Type Questions And Answers

Question 1. Define a latitude.

Answer:

All the (imaginary) circular lines from the equator on both sides (North and South) are called latitude. Latitudes are 10° to 90° north of the equator and 10° to 90° south of the equator.

Question 2. What are the latitudes of North and South Poles?

Answer:

The distance between the North Pole and the South Pole from the equator is 90°. So, the latitude of the North Pole is 90° N and that of the South Pole is 90° S.

Question 3. What is the difference between the Parallels of Latitude and the Meridians of Longitude?

Answer:

The difference between the Parallels of Latitude and the Meridians of Longitude is given below:

Globe Latitudes And Longitudes Difference Between Parallels Of Latitude And The Meridians Of Longitude

Question 4. How is the globe advantageous?

Answer:

Globe is smaller in shape and is easy to carry and use. It shows the correct size of the earth on a small scale, and all its features too.

Question 5. Which two islands are on the same latitude i.e., 20° S?

Answer:

The two islands are Mauritius in the Indian Ocean and Tonga islands in the Atlantic Ocean.

Question 6. Which two places are on the same latitude but in different hemispheres?

Answer:

The two places are Chandrapur in Maharashtra at 20° N and Belo Horizonte in Brazil at 20° S.

CBSE Class 6 Geography Chapter 2 Globe Latitudes And Longitudes Question And Answers

Globe Latitudes And Longitudes Short Types Questions And Answers

Question 1. What are the different types of globes?

Answer:

  1. A globe is a three-dimensional model representing the true shape of the Earth.
  2. Globes are of various sizes and types:
    • Big Size Globe. Cannot be carried easily.
    • Small Pocket Globe
    • Balloon Like Globe. They can be inflated and are handy and carried with ease.

Question 2. Define local time.

Answer:

Local Time:

  1. Local time is calculated by the position of the sun at noon in a given place.
  2. It is based on the local meridian passing through that place.
  3. The places lying North and South on the same meridian will have the same local time. On the other hand, the places lying East or West of that meridian have different local times.

Globe Latitudes And Longitudes Long Type Questions And And Answers

Question 1. Describe important parallels of latitudes.

Answer:

Important Parallels.

Equator:

  • The Equator is the longest parallel running in the East-West direction.
  • It is a great circle.

Tropic of Cancer:

It is parallel to 23 1/2° N in the Northern Hemisphere.

Tropic of Capricorn:

It is parallel to 23 1/2° S in the Southern Hemisphere.

Arctic Circle:

It lies at 66 1/2° north of the equator.

Antarctic Circle:

It lies at 66 1/2° south of the equator.

90° Parallel:

  • It is shown by a point.
  • Its length is zero.

North Pole:

It is at 90° north of the equator.

South Pole:

It is at 90° south of the equator.

Globe Latitudes And Longitudes Major Parallels Of Latitudes

Question 2. Describe major heat zones of the Earth.

Answer:

Globe Latitudes And Longitudes Heat Zones

CBSE Class 6 Geography - Standard Time Heat Zones Of The Earth

Question 3. Explain the major features of meridians.

Answer:

 

Globe Latitudes And Longitudes Meridians Of Longitudes

CBSE Class 6 Geography - Meridian

Question 4. Try to identify the latitudes and longitudes of the points given in the following grid.

Globe Latitudes And Longitudes The Latitude And Longitudes Of The Points

Answer:

Globe Latitudes And Longitudes The Latitude And Longitudes Of The Points Given In The Grid

Question 5. How do longitudes help us in calculating time?

Answer:

CBSE Class 6 Geography - Longitude And Time

Question 6. What is Standard Time?

Answer:

CBSE Class 6 Geography - Standard Time

Question 7. Kabeer lives in a small town near Bhopal. He tells his friend Alok that they will not be able to sleep tonight. A day and night cricket match between India and England had started at 2 p.m. in London. This means that the match would finish well after 1 a.m. in the night. The match according to Indian Standard Time (IST) started at 7.30 p.m. Do you know what is the time difference between India and England?

Answer:

  1. Vindhyachal (Mirzapur Distt., U.P.)—India is located east of Greenwich at 82°30′ E. Its time is 5 hours and 30 minutes ahead of Greenwich (London) (The GMT).
  2. So it will be 5.30 p.m. in India when it is noon in London.
  3. When the cricket match starts in London at 2 p.m.; the time in India will be 7.30 p.m. at that time.
  4. Kabeer will not be able to sleep early that night because the match will be seen in India during the night.

Globe Latitudes And Longitudes Multiple Choice Questions And Answers

Question 1. What is a globe?

  1. Earth
  2. A true model of the earth
  3. Both (1) and (2)
  4. None of these

Answer: 2. True model of the earth

Question 2. Which of the following are shown on the globe in their true comparative size?

  1. Countries
  2. Continents
  3. Oceans
  4. All of these

Answer: 4. All of these

Question 3. What is called a needle fixed through the globe in a tilted manner?

  1. Orbit
  2. Axis
  3. Latitude
  4. Longitude

Answer: 2. Axis

Question 4. What divides the earth into the northern hemisphere and the southern hemisphere?

  1. Tropic of Capricorn
  2. Tropic of Cancer
  3. Equator
  4. Arctic Circle

Answer: 3. Equator

Question 5. Between which parallels of latitudes is the Torrid Zone situated?

  1. Tropic of Cancer and Tropic of Capricorn
  2. Tropic of Cancer and Arctic Circle
  3. Tropic of Capricorn and Antarctic Circle
  4. None of these

Answer: 1. Tropic of Cancer and Tropic of Capricorn

Question 6. Which of the following zones is situated between 66°30′ S and the poles?

  1. Torrid Zone
  2. Temperate Zone
  3. Frigid Zone
  4. All of these

Answer: 3. Frigid Zone

Question 7. What divides the earth into the eastern and the western hemispheres?

  1. Equator
  2. Prime Meridian
  3. 82° 30′ E
  4. None of these

Answer: 2. Prime Meridian

Question 8. In which ocean are Tonga Islands situated?

  1. Indian Ocean
  2. Atlantic Ocean
  3. Pacific Ocean
  4. None of these

Answer: 3. Pacific Ocean

Question 9. Which place is located at the intersection of 26° N and 90° E?

  1. Dhubri
  2. Mauritius
  3. Tonga
  4. Meerut

Answer: 1. Dhubri

Question 10. What time does Earth take, to rotate one-degree longitude?

  1. 4 minutes
  2. 15 minutes
  3. 10 minutes
  4. None of these

Answer: 1. 4 minutes

Question 11. What is the time difference between the time of Dwarka in Gujarat and the time of Dibrugarh in Assam?

  1. 2 hours
  2. 1 hour and 30 minutes
  3. 1 hour and 45 minutes
  4. 5 hours and 30 minutes

Answer: 3. 1 hour and 45 minutes

Question 12. The time of India is ahead of that of England by

  1. 2 hours
  2. 5 hours and 30 minutes
  3. 3 hours
  4. None of these

Answer: 2. 5 hours and 30 minutes

Globe Latitudes And Longitudes Objective Type Questions And Answers

Question 1. Fill in the blanks with appropriate words:

(1). Earth has been divided into _________ time zone of __________ hours each.

Answer: 24, 1

(2). Tropic of __________ passes through India.

Answer: Cancer

(3). There are ___________ time zones as we move away from the equator.

Answer: 11(eleven)

(4). Latitude _________ in size as we move away from the equator.

Answer: Decreases

(5). India is _________ ahead of GMT.

Answer: % hours and 30 minutes

(6). Globe is a true model of the _________

Answer: Earth

Question 2. Match the contents of Column A with that of Column B:

Globe Latitudes And Longitudes Match The Column

Answer: 1-(c), 2-(d), 3-(a), 4-(e), 5-(f), 6-(b)

Question 3. State whether the given statements are true or false:

(1). The difference between GMT and any place at 180° longitude would be 12 hours.

Answer: True

(2). Rotation of the earth on its axis is from east to west.

Answer: False

(3). The axis of the earth is tilted as shown in the globe.

Answer: Ture

(4). Poles lie in the temperate zones.

Answer: False

(5). Places to the East of Greenwich are ahead of their time.

Answer: True

(6). All places on the same longitude have the same time.

Answer: True

CBSE Class 6 Geography Solutions For Chapter 5 Major Domains Of The Earth

by

Major Domains Of The Earth Exercises

Question 1. Answer the following questions briefly.

  1. What are the four major domains of the earth?
  2. Name the major continents of the earth.
  3. Name the two continents that lie entirely in the Southern Hemisphere.
  4. Name the different layers of the atmosphere.
  5. Why is the earth called the ‘blue planet’?
  6. Why is the Northern Hemisphere called the Land Hemisphere?
  7. Why is the Biosphere important for living organisms?

Read and Learn More CBSE Solutions For Class 6 Social Science

Answer:

  1. Major Domains of the Earth
    • Lithosphere
    • Atmosphere
    • Hydrosphere
    • Biosphere
  2. Major continents of the Earth
    • Asia
    • Europe
    • Africa
    • North America
    • South America
    • Australia
    • Antarctica
  3. Two continents lying entirely in the Southern hemisphere are:
    • Australia and
    • Antarctica
  4. Layers of the Atmosphere
    • Troposphere
    • Stratosphere
    • Mesosphere
    • Thermosphere
    • Exosphere
  5. The earth is called the blue planet because,
    • It is the only planet, known so far, which has water,
    • It looks blue from the sky because 71 per cent of the earth is covered with water.
  6. The Northern Hemisphere is called the Land Hemisphere because of the following reasons:
    • A greater part of the landmass lies in the Northern Hemisphere.
    • The water body area is smaller in this Hemisphere.
  7. Importance of Biosphere
    • The biosphere sustains all life forms as it is a necessary element for life.

Question 2.  Match the correct answers.

(1). The mountain range that separates Europe from Asia is

  1. The Andes
  2. The Himalayas
  3. The Urals

Answer: 3. The Urals

(2). The continent of North America is linked to South America by

  1. An isthmus
  2. A strait
  3. A canal

Answer: 1. An isthmus

(3). The major constituent of the atmosphere by per cent is

  1. Nitrogen
  2. Oxygen
  3. Carbon dioxide

Answer: 1. Nitrogen

(4). The domain of the earth consisting of solid rocks is

  1. The Atmosphere
  2. The Hydrosphere
  3. The Lithosphere

Answer: 3. The Lithosphere

(5). Which is the largest continent?

  1. Africa
  2. Asia
  3. Australia

Answer: 2. Asia

Question 3. Fill in the blanks.

(1). The deepest point on the earth is __________ in the Pacific Ocean.

Answer: Mariana Trench

(2). The _______ Ocean is named after a country.

Answer: Indian

(3). The _________ is a narrow contact zone of land, water and air that supports life.

Answer: Biosphere

(4). The continents of Europe and Asia together are known as _________.

Answer: Eurasia

(5). The highest mountain peak on the earth is __________.

Answer: Mt. Everest.

Question 4. In the outline map of the world, mark the following: Europe, Asia, Antarctica, South America, Australia, the Indian Ocean, the Pacific Ocean, the Atlantic Ocean, the Ural Mountains and the Isthmus of Panama.

Answer:

Major Domains Of The Earth Major Mountains And Plateaus Of The World

Question 5. In the Greek language ‘Lithos’ means Stone;

  • ‘Atmos’ means Vapour;
  • ‘Hudor’ means Water;
  • and ‘Bios’ means Life.

Can you make words using the above?

Answer:

  • Lithosphere
  • Hydrosphere
  • Atmosphere
  • Biosphere.

Question 6. Count the squares given below and answer the following:

  1. Name the largest continent.
  2. Which is larger—Europe or Australia?

Major Domains Of The Earth Comparative Size Of Continents

Answer:

  1. Largest: Asia
  2. Larger: Europe.

Different continents according to their size:

  • Asia
  • Africa
  • North America
  • South America
  • Antarctica
  • Europe
  • Australia

Question 7. Look at the map of the world. Are all the landmasses connected?

Answer:

No, only the following landmasses connect each other:

  1. Europe, Asia and Africa are connected.
  2. North America and South America are connected.
  3. Australia and Antarctica are not connected either with each other or with any other landmasses.

Question 8. Could you imagine that the depth of the sea is much more than the highest point?

Answer:

  1. Highest point (Height) – Mount Everest, 8848 m.
  2. The deepest depth of the sea (depth): Mariana Trench, 11022 m. If Mount Everest is put into the Mariana Trench the depth of water on the summit of Mt. Everest will be 2174 m.

Question 9. Three oceans surround this continent (North America). Can you name these oceans?

Answer:

Yes.

These oceans are:

  1. The Arctic Ocean is in the north.
  2. Pacific Ocean in the west.
  3. Atlantic Ocean in the east.

Major Domains Of The Earth Very Short Type Questions And Answers

Question 1. Which are the three movements of the ocean water?

Answer:

The ocean waters are always moving. The three chief movements of ocean water are:

  1. Waves
  2. Tides and
  3. Currents

Question 2. What is the function of carbon dioxide?

Answer:

C02 absorbs the heat radiated by the earth and keeps the planet warm. It is essential for plant life, but excess of C02 leads to global warming.

Question 3. Which is the world’s hottest desert?

Answer:

Sahara desert in Africa.

Question 4. Which oceans surround North America?

Answer:

The Pacific, the Atlantic and the Arctic.

Question 5. Name the research station of India in Antarctica.

Answer:

Maitri and Dakshin Gangotri

Question 6. What leads to soil erosion?

Answer:

Cutting forests for wood and clearing land for tilling leads to soil erosion.

CBSE Class 6 Geography Chapter 5 Major Domains Of The Earths Question And Answers

Major Domains Of The Earth Short Type Questions And Answers

Question 1. Why is the surface of the earth complex interface?

Answer:

The surface of the earth is a complex interface, because three main components of the environment meet, overlap and interact on it.

CBSE Class 6 Geography - Surface Of The Earth Complete Interface

Question 2. Define atmosphere. What is its importance to us?

Answer:

  1. The earth is surrounded by an envelope of air.
  2. The atmosphere is called the atmosphere.
  3. This thin blanket of air is an integral and the most important aspect of the planet. It is very important to us. It enables us to breathe and protects us from the harmful effects of the sun’s rays.

Question 3. Explain the Composition of the Atmosphere.

Answer:

Composition of the Atmosphere.

  1. The atmosphere is composed mainly of nitrogen and oxygen. They both make up about 99% of clean, dry air; (Nitrogen 78%; Oxygen 21%).
    • Other gases like carbon dioxide; argon and others comprise 1% by volume.
    • Oxygen is the breath of life. Nitrogen helps in the growth of living organisms.
  2. Carbon dioxide is present in the air in very small amounts but is very important.
  3. The atmosphere absorbs heat radiated by the earth and keeps the surface of the earth warm.

Question 4. Describe the density of the atmosphere.

Answer:

  1. The density of the atmosphere varies with height.
    • The atmosphere is the highest at sea level.
    • The atmosphere decreases rapidly with an increase in height.
  2. Climbers experience problems in breathing due to a decrease in density.
  3. Temperature also decreases with an increase in height.

Question 5. What is air pressure? How is wind formed?

Answer:

  1. The atmosphere exerts pressure on the Earth due to the weight in the air.
  2. Thus air pressure is the weight of the air.
  3. Pressure varies from place to place.
  4. The difference in air pressure between the two places makes the air move.
  5. Moving air is known as wind

Question 6. What is the biosphere? Give its major features.

Answer:

Biosphere. The biosphere is the narrow zone of contact between the land, water and air, comprising all forms of life.

Features:

  1. The biosphere are several species of organisms in the biosphere. They are divided into plant kingdom and animal kingdom.
  2. The biosphere varies in size from microbes and bacteria to huge animals.
  3. All living organisms including humans are linked to each other. These are also linked to the biosphere.

Question 7. What negative impacts on nature are caused by the felling of trees?

Answer:

The felling of trees causes the following negative impacts on nature:

  1. Soil erosion is increased.
  2. Loose soil is deposited on river beds. The level of river beds rises. During excessive rains, they are not capable of keeping the water under control. Hence floods are caused.
  3. The felling of trees also reduces the quantity of oxygen. Hence new problems have grown.

Question 8. Define global warming.

Answer:

  1. Increased emissions from vehicles and industries pollute the air.
  2. An increase in the amount of C02 due to human activities has led to an increase in global temperatures.
  3. This is termed as global warming.

Question 9. Describe Lithosphere.

Answer:

Lithosphere:

  • The upper solid portion of the earth is termed as lithosphere. It comprises rocks of the earth’s crust and layers of soil.
  • There are two main divisions-continents or large land masses and oceans (huge water bodies).

Major Domains Of The Earth Long Type Questions And Answers

Question 1. Explain the layers of the Atmosphere.

Answer:

Major Domains Of The Earth Different Layers Of The Atmosphere

The atmosphere extends to a height of about 1,600 kilometres.

  • The atmosphere is divided into five layers. These are based on composition, temperature and other properties.
  • They are in ascending order from the earth’s surface:
    • Troposphere
    • Stratosphere
    • Mesosphere
    • Thermosphere, and
    • Exosphere
  • The ozone layer crucial to life on Earth is located in the stratosphere.

Question 2. What are the seven continents of the world? Give a brief description of each of them.

Answer:

There are seven major continents, namely:

CBSE Class 6 Geography - Seven Major Continents

Question 3. Why is the Earth called a blue planet?

Answer:

The earth is called a blue planet because 71% of the earth is covered with water and 29% with land.

  1. The hydrosphere consists of water in all its forms like the oceans, lakes, ponds, rivers, streams, ice caps and ice sheets.
  2. Water is also present below the surface of the earth, in the form of underground water. Water is also present in the atmosphere in the form of water vapours.
  3. 97% of Earth’s water is found in the oceans. A large portion of water is in the form of ice sheets and glaciers.
  4. All oceans are connected.

Question 4. Describe five major oceans of the world.

Answer:

The five major oceans of the world are:

The Pacific Ocean, the Atlantic Ocean, the Indian Ocean, the Southern Ocean and the Arctic Ocean, in order of their size.

CBSE Class 6 Geography - Five Major Oceans

Major Domains Of The Earth Multiple Choice Questions And Answers

Question 1. Which domain of the earth consists of a solid portion?

  1. The Atmosphere
  2. The Hydrosphere
  3. The Lithosphere
  4. All of these

Answer: 3. The Lithosphere

Question 2. Which gas is responsible for global warming?

  1. O2
  2. CO2
  3. N2
  4. H2

Answer: 2. CO2

Question 3. The Arctic Circle passes through:

  1. Asia
  2. Europe
  3. North America
  4. All of these

Answer: 4. All of these

Question 4. Which longest river flows through Africa?

  1. The Ganga
  2. The Yamuna
  3. The Nile
  4. None of these

Answer: 3. The Nile

Question 5. Why do humans not use the ocean water?

  1. Too sour
  2. Too salty
  3. Too sweet
  4. All of these

Answer: 2. Too salty

Question 6. The earth surrounded by a layer of gases is called:

  1. The Lithosphere
  2. The Atmosphere
  3. The Hydrosphere
  4. All of these

Answer: 2. The Atmosphere

Question 7. Which gas is the major constituent of the atmosphere by percentage?

  1. Oxygen
  2. Carbon dioxide
  3. Carbon monoxide
  4. Nitrogen

Answer: 4. Nitrogen

CBSE Class 6 Geography Solutions For Chapter 6 Our Country India

by

Our Country India Exercises

Question 1. Answer the following questions briefly:

  1. Name the major physical divisions of India.
  2. India shares its land boundaries with seven countries. Name them.
  3. Which two major rivers fall into the Arabian Sea?
  4. Name the delta formed by the Ganga and the Brahmaputra.
  5. How many States and Union Territories are there in India? Which states have a common capital?
  6. Why do a large number of people live in the Northern plains?
  7. Why is Lakshadweep known as a coral island?

Answer:

(1). Major physical divisions of India:

  1. The Himalayas
  2. The Northern Indian Plains
  3. The Peninsular Plateau
  4. Great Indian Desert
  5. The Coastal Plains
  6. The Islands

(2). Countries sharing land boundaries with India:

  1. Pakistan
  2. Afghanistan
  3. China
  4. Nepal
  5. Bhutan
  6. Myanmar
  7. Bangladesh

(3). (1). Narmada, (2) Tapi (Tapti)

Read and Learn More CBSE Solutions For Class 6 Social Science

(4). Delta formed by Ganga and Brahmaputra: Sunderban.

(5). States: 29, Union Territories: 07.

The States of Punjab, Haryana and the Union Territory of Chandigarh have a common capital at Chandigarh.

Hyderabad was a common capital of Telangana and Andhra Pradesh.

(6) Large number of people live in the northern plains because of the following reasons:

  1. Fertile land provides facilities for agriculture.
  2. Means of transport and communication can be developed easily.
  3. More employment opportunities exist in the plains.
  4. Water is easily available.
  5. Industries provide employment (Agro-based and other industries)

(7). Lakshadweep is a coral island because of the following reasons:

  1. Climate and seawater suitable for the growth of polyps.
  2. Their skeletons pile up and form islands.

Question 2. Match the correct answers.

(1). The Southernmost Himalayas are known as

  1. Shiwaliks
  2. Himadri
  3. Himachal

Answer: 1. Shiwaliks

(2). Sahyadris are also known as

  1. Aravali
  2. Western Ghats
  3. Himadri

Answer: 2. Western Ghats

(3). The Talk Strait lies between the countries

  1. Sri Lanka and Maldives
  2. India and Sri Lanka
  3. India and Maldives

Answer: 2. India and Sri Lanka

(4). The Indian islands in the Arabian Sea are known as

  1. Andaman and Nicobar Islands
  2. Lakshadweep Islands
  3. Maldives

Answer: 2. Lakshadweep Islands

(5) The oldest mountain range in India is the

  1. Aravali hills
  2. Western ghats
  3. Himalayas

Answer: 1. Aravali hills

CBSE Class 6 Geography Chapter 6 Our Country India Question And Answers

Question 3. Fill in the blanks:

(1). India has an area of about __________.

Answer: 3.28 million sq. kms.

(2). The Greater Himalayas are also known as _________.

Answer: Himadri

(3). The river Narmada falls into the ___________ sea.

Answer: Arabian

(4). The latitude that runs almost halfway through India is _________.

Answer: Tropic of Cancer

Question 4. On an outline map of India, mark the following:

  1. Tropic of Cancer
  2. Standard Meridian of India
  3. The state in which you live
  4. The Andaman Islands and Lakshadweep Islands
  5. Western Ghats and Eastern Ghats.

Answer:

Our Country India Mall skills

Our Country India India External And Standard Meridian

Our Country India India And Its Neighbouring Countries

Question 5. If we divide the world into Eastern and Western Hemispheres which hemisphere would India belong to?

Answer:

Eastern Hemisphere.

Question 6. Find out the names of the countries (neighbouring countries) that share land boundaries with India. How many of these countries do not have access to any ocean or sea?

Answer:

Seven neighbouring countries are:

Our Country India Neighbouring Countries

The following three countries do not have access to the ocean or sea: They are:

  • Afghanistan
  • Nepal
  • Bhutan

Question 7. Do you know which group of islands were affected by the Tsunami in 2004? Find out through newspaper reports and by speaking to the people how in different ways people faced this challenge when the Tsunami struck the Indian coast.

Answer:

  • Yes,
    • Sri Lanka and the Andaman & Nicobar Islands.
  • People faced the challenge in the following manner:
    • Some people reached high grounds.
    • Some climbed up the trees.
    • Some remained clung to the tree trunks.
    • Some climbed up the upper storey of the house.
    • Some swam in the rising waves.
  • Hundreds of thousands perished in the waves.

Our Country India Very Short Type Questions And Answers

Question 1. Define polyps. How are coral islands formed?

Answer:

  1. Corals are the collection of skeletons of tiny marine animals. They are called polyps.
  2. When the living polyps die their skeletons are left. Other polyps grow on top of the hardened skeleton, which grows higher and higher in the course of time.
  3. Thus coral islands are formed.

Question 2. How much is the time difference from one latitude to another?

Answer:

The time changes by four minutes for every one degree of longitude.

Question 3. What is the basis of state formation?

Answer:

The states were formed, generally, based on language or culture.

Question 4. What is the word “Himalayas” signifies?

Answer:

The word Him + alaya signifies ‘the abode of snow’.

Question 5. Define a Peninsula.

Answer:

It is a piece of land which is surrounded by water on its three sides.

Question 6. What is a desert?

Answer:

Vast area covered with sand.

Question 7 What is the mouth of a river?

Answer:

The area where a river meets the sea or ocean is called as mouth of the river.

Our Country India Short Type Questions And Answers

Question 1. Describe the boundaries of India.

Answer:

Boundaries of India.

Our Country India Boundaries Of India

Question 2. How is India a country of vast geographical expanse?

Answer:

India has an area of about 3.28 million sq. km.

  • Its north-south extent from Kashmir to Kanyakumari is about 3,200 km.
  • Its east-west extent from Arunachal Pradesh to Kuchchh is about 2,900 km.
  • The lofty mountains, the Thar desert, the northern plains, the peninsular plateau, the east and west coasts and the islands present a diversity of landforms.

Question 3. Define delta. Which delta is the world’s largest delta? Where is it situated?

Answer:

Delta. Delta is the triangular deposition of the debris brought and deposited by rivers at their mouth.

The Ganga and the Brahmaputra form the world’s largest delta which is called the Sunderban Delta.

The Sunderban Delta is situated at the mouth of the Ganga and Brahmaputra rivers at the head of the Bay of Bengal.

Question 4. Distinguish between Western Ghats and Eastern Ghats.

Answer:

Our Country India Difference Between Western Ghats And Eastern Ghats

Question 5. What is the locational extent of India? State the effect of East-West extent of India on time.

Answer:

CBSE Class 6 Geography Effects And Efforts Of India

Question 6. Briefly write about the Great Indian Desert.

Answer:

Great Indian Desert or Thar Desert lies to the west of India. It is a hot dry and sandy piece of land.

It has very little vegetation like cactus, kikar, babul etc. It has a very small population.

Our Country India Long Type Questions And Answers

Question 1. Describe the Himalayas.

Answer:

The Himalayas

  • The Himalayas are in the north of India.
    • They are the lofty snow-capped mountains.
    • Him + alaya means ‘the Abode of Snow’.
    • The Himalayan mountains are divided into three main parallel ranges.
      1. The northernmost is the Great Himalayas or Himadri. The world’s highest peaks like Mt. Everest and Kanchenjunga are located in this range.
      2. Middle Himalayas or Himachal lies to the South of Himadri.
      3. Numerous popular hill stations are situated here. Gulmarg Dharmashala, Kullu, Manali, Kausani etc. are important hill stations.
      4. The Shiwaliks are in the southernmost range of the Himalayas. It has several longitudinal valleys called ‘duns’. Dehradun is an example of dun.
      5. Shimla, Kasauli, Nainital etc. are hill stations in this range.

Question 2. Give an account of the Northern Indian Plains.

Answer:

CBSE Class 6 Geography Northern Indian Plains

Question 3. Explain the major features of the Peninsular Plateau.

Answer:

Peninsular Plateau

  1. South of the northern plains lies the Peninsular plateau.
    • It is triangle-shaped.
    • Its relief is highly uneven.
    • It has numerous hill ranges and valleys.
  2. Aravali Hills are one of the oldest ranges in the world. They border the plateau on the northwest side.
    • The Vindhyas and the Satpuras are the other important ranges.
    • Major towns in the Deccan plateaus are:
    • Indore, Ujjain, Bengaluru, Vijaynagar, Hyderabad etc.
    • Narmada and Tapi flow through these ranges. They are west-flowing rivers. They drain water into the Arabian Sea.
    • Mahanadi, Godavari, Krishna and Kaveri are major east-flowing rivers. They drain into the Bay of Bengal.
    • The Western Ghats or Sahyadris border the plateau in the west. The Eastern Ghats form its eastern boundary.
  3. The plateau is rich in minerals. Coal and iron ore are the important minerals found on this plateau.

Question 4. Describe the Coastal Plains and the Island groups.

Answer:

CBSE Class 6 Geography The Coastal Plains And Islands

Question 5. With the help of a map of India describe the political and administrative divisions of India.

Answer:

CBSE Class 6 Geography Political And Administrative Divisions Of India

Our Country India Multiple Choice Questions And Answers

Choose the correct answer:

Question 1. India is located in the:

  1. Western hemisphere
  2. Eastern hemisphere
  3. Both (1) and (2)
  4. None of these

Answer: 2. Eastern hemisphere

Question 2. Which country shares land boundaries with 7 countries?

  1. England
  2. Australia
  3. India
  4. South Africa

Answer: 3. India

Question 3. Where does the Great Indian Desert lie?

  1. In the eastern part of India
  2. In the western part of India
  3. In the northern part of India
  4. In the southern part of India

Answer: 2. In the western part of India

Question 4. What lies to the south of the northern plains of India?

  1. Great Indian desert
  2. Peninsular plateau
  3. Vindhyas
  4. Western Ghats

Answer: 2. Peninsular plateau

Question 5. Where do the rivers Mahanadi, Godavari, Krishna and Kaveri drain?

  1. Arabian Sea
  2. Indian Ocean
  3. Bay of Bengal
  4. None of these

Answer: 3. Bay of Bengal

Question 6. The Indian islands in the Bay of Bengal are known as:

  1. Andaman and Nicobar Islands
  2. Maldives
  3. Lakshadweep
  4. None of these

Answer: 1. Andaman and Nicobar Islands

Question 7. Which hills are located in Rajasthan?

  1. Aravali hills
  2. Western Ghats
  3. Himalayas
  4. All of these

Answer: 1. Aravali hills

Question 8. The number of states in India divided for administrative purposes are

  1. 21
  2. 23
  3. 25
  4. 28

Answer: 4. 28

Question 9. How many Union Territories are there in India?

  1. 4
  2. 6
  3. 7
  4. 8

Answer: 3. 7

Question 10. Which is the National Capital of India?

  1. Mumbai
  2. Kolkata
  3. Chennai
  4. New Delhi

Answer: 4. New Delhi