Chapter 4 The Making Of A Global World Important Dateline
15th CE: The Silk Route still existed that linked vast regions of Asia and Asia with Europe and North America.
1730s: Coming up of Factories in England
1882-1914: The World was transforming very rapidly.
19th century: Corn Law in England
1854: The first modern cotton mill was set up in England.
1874: The first spinning mill was set up in Bengal
1914-18: First World War
1920s: Mass production of cars by Henry Ford.
1920s: Strong Rapid increase in the US economy.
1923: The USA resourced exporting capital to the rest of the world and became the largest overseas lender.
1929: Beginning of Great Depression in the USA
1929-34: Period of Great Depression
1939-1945: The period of Second World War.
1941: German attack on Russia
1944: Bretton Woods Conference
1949: Communist Rule in China.
Chapter 4 The Making Of A Global World Important Concepts And Terms
Dissenter: One who refuses to accept established beliefs and practices.
Indentured Labour: A bonded labourer under contract to work for an employer for a specific amount of time, to pay off his passage to a new country or home.
Tariff: Tax imposed on a country’s imports from the rest of the world. Tariffs are levied at the point of entry, i.e., at the border or the airport.
Exchange Rates: They link national currencies for purposes of international trade. There are broadly two kinds of exchange rates: fixed exchange rate and floating exchange rate.
Fixed Exchange Rates: When exchange rates are fixed and governments intervene to prevent movements in them.
Flexible or Floating Exchange Rates: These rates fluctuate depending on the demand and supply of currencies in foreign exchange markets, in principle without interference by governments.
Cowries or Seashells, are used as a form of currency.
MNCs: Multinational Corporations are large companies that operate in several countries at the same time.
Chapter 4 The Making Of A Global World Ncert Textbook Exercises
Question 1. Give two examples of different types of global exchanges which took place before the seventeenth century, choosing one example from Asia and one from America.
Answer:
Examples of different types of global exchanges which took place before the seventeenth century:
- Textiles, spices and Chinese pottery were exchanged by China, India and Southeast Asia in return for gold and silver from Europe.
- Gold and foods such as potatoes, soya, groundnuts, tomatoes and chillies were first exported from America to Europe.
Question 2. Explain how the global transfer of disease in the pre-modern world helped in the colonisation of America.
Answer:
The global transfer of disease in the pre-modern world helped in the colonisation of America because the native American Indians were not immune to the diseases that the settlers and the colonisers brought with them.
The Europeans were more or less immune to smallpox, but the native Americans, having been cut off from the rest of the world for millions of years, had no defence against it.
These germs killed and wiped out whole communities, paving the way for foreign domination. Weapons and soldiers could be destroyed or captured, but diseases could not be fought against.
Question 3. Write a note to explain the effects of the following:
- The British government’s decision to abolish the Corn Laws.
- The coming of rinderpest to Africa.
- The death of men of working age in Europe because of the World War.
- The Great Depression on the Indian economy.
- The decision of MNCs to relocate production to Asian countries.
Answer:
- The British government’s decision to abolish the Corn Laws resulted in losses for the agricultural sector, but progress in the industrial sector.
- Food began to be imported more cheaply into Britain, and thousands of workers involved in cultivation became unemployed.
- However, consumption increased and the industrial sector grew, with more workers being available in cities than in rural areas.
- The coming of rinderpest to Africa caused a loss of livelihood for countless Africans.
- Using this situation to their advantage, colonising nations conquered and subdued Africa by monopolising scarce cattle resources to force the Africans into the labour market.
- The death of men of working age in Europe because of the World War, reduced the able-bodied workforce in Europe, leading to a steady decline in household incomes and a consequent struggle to meet the living expenditure by families whose men were handicapped or killed.
- The Great Depression had a major impact on the Indian economy. Between 1928 and 1934, it reduced Indian imports and exports by nearly half.
- Wheat prices too fell by 50% during this time. More than the urban areas, the agricultural sector (which dominated livelihoods in rural lands) was badly hit by the Great Depression.
- The decision of the MNCs to relocate production to Asian countries led to a stimulation of world trade and capital flows.
- This relocation was on account of low-cost structure and lower wages in Asian countries. It also benefited the Asian nations because employment increased, and this resulted in quick economic transformation as well.
Question 4. Write two examples from history to show the impact of technology on food availability.
Answer:
The impact of technology on food availability was manifold in the late nineteenth century.
Faster railways, lighter wagons and larger ships helped transport food more cheaply and quickly from production units to even faraway markets.
Also, refrigerated ships helped transport perishable foods such as meat, butter and eggs over long distances.
Question 5. What is meant by the Bretton Woods Agreement?
Answer:
The Bretton Woods Agreement was finalised in July 1944 at Bretton Woods in New Hampshire, USA.
It established the International Monetary Fund (IMF) and the World Bank to preserve global economic stability and full employment in the industrial world.
These institutions also dealt with external surpluses and deficits of member nations and financed post-war reconstructions.
Question 6. Imagine that you are an indentured Indian labourer in the Caribbean. Drawing from the details in this chapter, write a letter to your family describing your life and feelings.
Answer:
Indentured Indian labourers in the Caribbean – facts signed a contract stating that they would return to India after working for five years at a plantation.
Belonged to eastern Uttar Pradesh, Bihar, central India and the dry districts of Tamil Nadu; migrants took up the overseas jobs hoping to escape poverty and oppression in their home villages.
Migrants were not even informed about the long sea voyages, and some unwilling ones were abducted as well; also known as “the new system of slavery”.
Harsh living and working conditions; few legal rights; many escaped into the wilds; some developed new art forms for expression; some returned home after the contract period, while others stayed on.
Question 7. Explain the three types of movements or flows within international economic exchange. Find one example of each type of flow which involved India and Indians, and write a short account of it.
Answer:
The three types of movements or flows within the international economic exchange are the flow of trade, the flow of labour and the flow of capital.
These can be explained as the trade in agricultural products, migration of labour, and financial loans to and from other nations.
India was a hub of trade in the pre-modern world, and it exported textiles and spices in return for gold and silver from Europe.
Many different foods such as potatoes, soya, groundnuts, maize, tomatoes, chillies and sweet potatoes came to India from America after Columbus discovered it.
In the field of labour, indentured labour was provided for mines, plantations and factories abroad, in huge numbers, in the nineteenth century.
This was an instrument of colonial domination by the British. Lastly, Britain took generous loans from the USA to finance the World War. Since India was an English colony, the impact of these loan debts was felt in India too.
The British government increased taxes, and interest rates, and lowered the prices of products it bought from the colony. Indirectly, but strongly, this affected the Indian economy and people.
Question 8. Explain the causes of the Great Depression.
Answer:
The Great Depression was a result of many different factors. The post-war global economy was weak. Also, agricultural over-production proved to be a nuisance, which was made worse by falling food grain prices.
To counter this, farmers began to increase production and bring even more produce to the markets to maintain their annual incomes.
This led to such a glut of food grains that prices plummeted further and farm produce was left to rot. Most countries took loans from the US, but American overseas lenders were worried about the same.
When they decreased the amount of loans, the countries economically dependent on the US loans faced an acute crisis. In Europe, this led to the failure of major banks and currencies such as the British pound sterling.
In a bid to protect the American economy, the USA doubled import duties. This worsened the world trade scenario. All these factors contributed to the Great Depression.
It affected the USA the worst on account of its being a global loan provider and the biggest industrial nation.
Question 9. Explain what is referred to as the G-77 countries. In what ways can G-77 be seen as a reaction to the activities of the Bretton Woods twins?
Answer:
G-77 countries is an abbreviation for the group of 77 countries that demanded a new International Economic Order (NIEO).
A system that would give them real control over their natural resources, without being victims of neo-colonialism, i.e., a new form of colonialism in trade practised by the former colonial powers.
The G-77 can be seen as a reaction to the activities of the Bretton Woods twins (the International Monetary Fund and the World Bank).
Because these two institutions were designed to meet the financial needs of industrial and developed countries and did nothing for the economic growth of the former colonies and developing nations.
Chapter 4 The Making Of A Global World Short Questions And Answers
Question 1. Why were Europeans attracted to Africa in the late nineteenth century? Mention any three reasons.
Answer:
- Africa had vast resources of land and minerals. Its population was very small and land was abundant.
- Europeans were hoping to establish plantations and mines to produce crops and minerals for export to Europe. They faced a shortage of labour willing to work for wages. However, they used many methods like heavy taxes to recruit and retain labour.
- In Africa, the Industrial Revolution did not take place. Also, African countries were militantly weak and backward.
Read and Learn More Class 10 Social Science Solutions
Question 2. What were the advantages of the invention of refrigerated ships?
Answer:
- Refrigerated ships reduced the shipping cost and lowered meat prices in Europe.
- The poor in Europe could now consume a more varied diet.
- To the earlier, monotony of bread and potatoes many, not all, could add meat, butter or egg.
- Better living conditions promoted social peace within the country and support for imperialism abroad.
Question 3. State three examples to show that the world changed with the discovery of new sea routes to America.
Or
State three examples to show that the pre-modern world changed with the discovery of new sea routes to America.
Answer:
- Many of our common foods such as potatoes, soya, groundnuts, maize, tomatoes, chillies, sweet potatoes, and so on were introduced to Europe from America. These crops made a difference between life and death. The poor began to eat better and live longer in England with the introduction of potatoes.
- Precious metals, particularly silver, from mines located in present-day Peru and Mexico also enhanced Europe’s wealth and financed its trade with Asia.
- It encouraged the slave trade. European traders captured slaves in Africa and took them to America, where they worked on plantations. Europe became the centre of world trade.
- Religious dissenters were persecuted in Europe. Thousands therefore fled Europe for America.
- Diseases like smallpox, germs of which were carried by Europeans to America decimated the whole community who had no immunity to it.
Question 4. What was the importance of the Indian trade for the British?
Answer:
- Trade surplus: Britain had a trade surplus with India. Britain used this surplus to balance its trade deficit with other countries.
- Home charges: Britain’s trade surplus in India also helped to pay the so-called home charges that included private remittance homes by British officials and traders, interest payments on India’s external debt and pensions of British officials in India.
- Major supplier of cotton: India remained a major supplier of raw cotton to the British which was required to feed the cotton textile industry of Britain.
- Supplier of indentured workers: Many indentured workers from Bihar, UP, and central India have migrated to other countries to work in mines and plantations.
Question 5. How did the Bretton Woods System work?
Answer:
- The International Monetary System is the system linking national currencies and the monetary system.
- The Bretton Woods system was based on fixed exchange rates. In this system, the national currencies were pegged to the dollar at a fixed exchange rate.
- The Bretton Woods system inaugurated an era of unprecedented growth of trade and incomes for the Western industrial nations.
Question 6. Why did the European employers find it difficult to recruit labour in Africa? Write two methods they used to recruit and retain labour.
Answer:
The European employers found it difficult to recruit labour in Africa because historically, Africa had abundant land and a relatively small population.
For centuries, land and livestock sustained African livelihoods and people rarely worked for wages. Employers used the following methods to recruit and retain labour:
- Heavy taxes were imposed which could be paid only by working for wages on plantations and mines.
- Inheritance laws were changed so that peasants were displaced from the land. Only one member of a family was allowed to inherit the land, as a result of which the others were pushed into the labour market.
Question 7. Explain why the economy of the USA was strong in the early 1920s. Would you agree that the roots of the Great Depression lay in this ‘boom”? State reasons for your answer.
Answer:
The economy of the USA was strong in the early 1920s because:
- Mass production became a characteristic feature of industrial production in the USA. Mass production lowered the costs and prices of engineered goods.
- There was a spurt in the purchase of refrigerators, washing machines, radios, gramophone players through a system of hire purchase’. It was also fuelled by a boom in house construction and home ownership, financed once again by loans.
The housing and consumer boom of the 1920s created the basis of prosperity in the US. Yes; the roots of the Great Depression lay in this boom because of the overproduction in the agricultural and industrial sectors.
Question 8. What was Corn Law? Why was the Corn Law abolished? What was the result of abolishing the Corn Law?
Or
Explain the effects of the British government’s decision to abolish the Corn Law.
Answer:
- The law allowing the government to restrict the import of corn was commonly known as ‘Corn Law’. This was under the pressure of landed groups.
- The Corn Law was abolished because industrialists and urban dwellers were unhappy with high food prices as a result of the Corn Law.
- After the Corn Law was scrapped, food could be imported into Britain more cheaply than it could be produced within the country.
- British agriculture was unable to compete with imports.
- Vast areas of land were now left uncultivated, and thousands of men and women were thrown out of work. They flocked to the cities or migrated overseas.
- As the food prices fell, consumption in Britain rose. From the mid-nineteenth century, faster industrial growth in Britain also led to higher incomes, and therefore more food imports.
Question 9. What is G-77? What were its demands?
Answer:
G-77 refers to an organised group of most of the developing countries that did not benefit from the fast growth of the Western economies experienced in the 1950s and 1960s.
Demands of G-77: It demanded a New International Economic Order (NIEO).
By the NIEO, they meant a system that would give them real control over their natural resources, more development assistance, fairer prices for raw materials, and better access to their manufactured goods in developed countries’ markets.
Question 10. Why did thousands of people flee away from Europe to America in the 19th century? State any three reasons.
Answer:
Thousands of people fled away from Europe to America in the 19th century because:
- After the Corn Law was scrapped, food could be imported into Britain more cheaply than it could be produced within the country. British agriculture was unable to compete with imports.
- Vast areas of land were now left uncultivated, and thousands of men and women were thrown out of work. They flocked to the cities or migrated overseas.
- Deadly diseases were widespread.
- Religious conflicts were common and religious dissenters were persecuted.
Question 11. Write any three factors responsible for indentured labour migration from India.
Answer:
- It was a world of faster economic growth as well as great misery, higher incomes for some and poverty for others, technological advances in some areas and new forms of coercion in others.
- Migrants were hoping to escape poverty or oppression in their home villages.
- Agents also tempted the prospective migrants by providing false information about final destinations, modes of travel, the nature of work, and living and working conditions.
- Often migrants were not even told that they were to embark on a long sea voyage. Sometimes, agents even forcibly abducted less willing migrants.
Question 12. What is meant by the Bretton Woods System? Explain.
Answer:
The main aim of the post-war international economic system was to preserve economic stability and full employment in the industrial world.
Its framework was agreed upon at the United Nations Monetary and Financial Conference held in July 1944 at Bretton Woods in New Hampshire, the USA.
The post-war international economic system is also often described as the Bretton Woods System.
It established the International Monetary Fund (IMF) to deal with external surpluses and deficits of its member nations and the World Bank for Reconstruction and Development.
The IMF and the World Bank are referred to as the Bretton Woods institutions or sometimes, the Bretton Woods twins.
Question 13. What was ‘Corn Law’? Who forced the abolition of the Corn Law?
Answer:
The law allowing the government to restrict the import of corn was commonly known as ‘Corn Law’. It was due to pressure from landed groups.
Population growth from the late eighteenth century had increased the demand for food grains in Britain.
As urban centres expanded and industry grew, the demand for agricultural products went up, pushing up food grain prices.
Unhappy with high food prices, industrialists and urban dwellers forced the abolition of the Corn Law.
Question 14. Explain three major features of the global agricultural economy that took shape towards the close of the nineteenth century.
Answer:
They are as follows:
- Food no longer came from a nearby village or town, but, from thousands of miles away.
- It was not grown by a peasant tilling his own land, but by an agricultural worker, perhaps recently arrived, who was now working on a large farm that only a generation ago had most likely been a forest.
- It was transported by railway, built for that very purpose, and by ships which were increasingly manned in these decades by low-paid workers from southern Europe, Asia, Africa and the Caribbean.
Question 15. What was rinderpest? State any two effects of the coming of rinderpest of Africa.
Answer:
Rinderpest was a devastating, fast-spreading disease caused by cattle plague. It arrived in Africa in the late 1880s. It was carried by the infected cattle imported from British Asia to feed the Italian soldiers invading Eritrea in East Africa.
Effects:
- Rinderpest entered Africa from the east, and moved to the west like ‘forest fire’.
- It killed about 90% of the cattle. The loss of cattle destroyed African livelihoods.
- Planters, mine owners and colonial governments now successfully monopolised what scarce cattle resources remained, to strengthen their power and to force Africans into the labour market.
- Control over the scarce resource of cattle enabled the European colonisers to conquer and subdue Africa.
Question 16. What was the impact of the Great Depression of 1929 on the Indian economy?
Or
Write any three impacts of the Great Depression of 1929 on the Indian Economy.
Answer:
Impact of the Great Depression on Indian economy:
- As international prices crashed, prices in India also plunged. Between 1928 and 1934, wheat prices in India fell by 50 per cent. Peasants and farmers suffered more than urban dwellers.
- The colonial government refused to reduce revenue demands. Jute producers were hit badly as jute prices fell when gunny exports collapsed.
- Across India, peasants’ indebtedness increased. They used up their savings, mortgaged lands, and sold whatever jewellery and precious metals they had to meet their expenses.
- The depression proved less grim for urban India. Because of falling prices, those with fixed incomes – say town-dwelling landowners who received rents and middle-class salaried employees – now found themselves better off. This was because everything cost less.
- Industrial investment also grew as the government extended tariff protection to industries, under the pressure of nationalist opinion.
Question 17. Explain the impact of the First World War on Britain’s economy.
Or
Assess the impact of the First World War on Britain’s economy.
Answer:
- After the War, Britain found it difficult to recapture its earlier position of dominance in the Indian market and to compete with Japan internationally.
- Moreover, to finance war expenditures, Britain had borrowed liberally from the US. This meant that, at the end of the War, Britain was burdened with huge external debts.
- The War had led to an economic boom, i.e., a huge increase in demand, production and employment. When the war boom ended, production contracted and unemployment increased.
- At the same time, the government reduced bloated war expenditures to bring them into line with peacetime revenues. These developments led to huge job losses.
Question 18. What was the impact of the First World War on the socio-economic conditions of the world? Write any three points.
Answer:
- Entire societies were reorganised for war – as men went to battle, women stepped into undertake jobs that earlier only men were expected to do.
- The war led to the snapping of economic links between some of the world’s largest economic powers which were now fighting each other to pay for them.
- So, Britain borrowed large sums of money from the US banks as well as the US public. Thus, the war transformed the US from being an international debtor to an international creditor.
- Many agricultural economies were also in crisis. Before the war, Eastern Europe was a major supplier of wheat in the world market. The supply was disrupted during the War.
After the War, production revived and created a glut in wheat output. Grain prices fell, rural incomes declined, and farmers fell deeper into debt.
Question 19. Explain what we mean when we say that the world ‘shrank’ in the 1500s.
Or
“The pre-modern world shrank greatly in the 16th century.” Justify the statement.
Answer:
The pre-modern world shrank greatly in the 16th century because:
- Europe’s soldiers discovered new sea routes to Asia and America.
- The Indian subcontinent was the centre of bustling trade in Asia since ancient times. The discovery of new sea routes helped the Europeans to drive the trade towards Europe.
- Besides mercantilist expansion, the spread of Christianity was another factor which guided the Europeans to travel to faraway regions.
Question 20. Briefly summarise the two lessons learnt by the economists and the politicians from the inter-war economic experience.
Answer:
Economists and politicians drew the following lessons from the inter-war economic experiences:
- An industrial society based upon mass production cannot sustain itself without mass consumption. To ensure mass consumption, incomes have to be stable and high, and employment has to be adequate.
- The markets can never fulfil the condition of full employment.
- Therefore, governments should interfere to minimise shifts in output, prices and employment levels. Economic stability can be only ensured through government efforts.
- The second lesson was linked to a country’s economic relations with other countries. The aim of full employment could only be achieved if the government had the authority to regulate the flow of goods, capital and labour.
Question 21. Who profits from jute cultivation according to the jute growers’ lament? Explain.
Answer:
The traders gained extensive profits from trading in jute. On the other hand, the growers and cultivators of jute led miserable lives, as the prices paid to them for their produce were very low.
Jute was cultivated in Bengal on a large scale. Its increasing demand in the world market forced the cultivators to produce more jute. They borrowed money and took loans to cultivate jute.
At the time of the Great Depression, the prices of jute products fell considerably. As a result, the cultivators faced many losses and suffered immensely.
Question 22. Discuss the importance of language and popular traditions in the creation of national identity.
Answer:
A person is identified as belonging to a particular nation by his cultural traditions. and the language that he speaks.
The languages as well as the traditional practices usually develop and get established over a long period of time. They give an identity to an individual wherever he is.
Thus, a French national will always speak the French language or follow French customs wherever he goes in the world.
Chapter 4 The Making Of A Global World Multiple Choice Questions And Answers
Question 1. What is Rinderpest?
- A person
- A cattle disease
- A place
- A monument
Answer: 2. A cattle disease
Question 2. Who made the best cutting decision?
- Henry Ford
- James Watt
- James Ford
- Henry Herold
Answer: 1. Henry Ford
Question 3. Which among the following were considered as Allies Power?
- Britain, France, Russia
- Germany, Austria-Hungary and Ottoman Turk
- Japan, France and Germany
- Britain, Japan and Russia
Answer: 1. Britain, France, Russia
Question 4. Which one of the following institutions was established in the Bretton Woods Conference?
- International Security Fund
- International Monetary Fund
- Indian Monetary Fund
- International Labour Organisation
Answer: 2. International Monetary Fund
Question 5. Who adopted the concept of an assembly line to produce automobiles?
- T. Coppola
- V. S. Naipaul
- Henry Ford
- Ramesh Sarwan
Answer: 3. Henry Ford
Question 6. Which among the following countries were considered Axis Powers during the Second World War?
- Nazi Germany, Japan, Italy
- Britain, Germany, Russia
- France, Germany, Italy
- Britain, France, Russia and the US
Answer: 1. Nazi Germany, Japan, Italy
Question 7. Which one of the following did not travel along the silk routes in the pre-modern world?
- Christian missionaries
- Traders
- Tourists
- Muslim preachers
Answer: 3. Tourists
Question 8. Which one of the following is a Nobel Prize-winning writer who is a descendant of indentured labour from India?
- Salman Rushdie
- V. S. Naipaul
- Arundhati Roy
- Bob Marley
Answer: 2. V. S. Naipaul
Question 9. Which of the following West Indies cricketers trace their roots to indentured labour migrants from India?
- Vivian Richards and Gary Sobers
- Chris Gayle and Dwayne Bravo
- Ramnaresh Sarwan and Shivnarine Chanderpaul
- Brian Lara and Courtney Walsh
Answer: 3. Ramnaresh Sarwan and Shivnarine Chanderpaul
Question 10. What is El Dorado in South America?
- It was the place where Columbus landed
- Where silver mines were located
- A fabled city of gold
- A famous slave market
Answer: 3. A fabled city of gold
Question 11. ‘Silk Route’ refers to:
- Network of routes connecting China and Rome
- Network of routes connecting India and Rome
- Network of routes connecting China and India
- Network of routes connecting Asia with Europe and Northern Africa
Answer: 4. Network of routes connecting Asia with Europe and Northern Africa
Question 12. What was the Bretton Woods system?
- Post-war military system
- Post-war political system
- Post-war international economic system
- None of these
Answer: 3. Post-war international economic system
Question 13. Which of the following groups demanded the Right to Vote for Adult Males in Britain during the 18th century?
- The Christian Movement
- Temperance Movement
- The Dock Workers’ Movements
- Chartism Movement
Answer: 3. The Dock Workers’ Movements
Question 14. Which of the following is the first European country that conquered America?
- France
- Britain
- Spain
- Germany
Answer: 3. Spain
Question 15. What do you mean by G-77?
- Group of rich countries
- Group of African countries
- Group of Asian countries
- Group of developing countries
Answer: 4. Group of developing countries
Question 1. Picture Based Question
Look at the given picture and answer the questions that follow:
(1) Who was Stanley? By whom and on what mission was he sent?
Answer:
Stanley was a known journalist and explorer. He was sent by the New York Herald on a mission to find Livingston. Livingston was a missionary and explorer who had been in Africa for several years.
(2) How did Stanley reach there?
Answer:
Like other European and American explorers of the time, Stanley went with arms.
(3) Who helped him there to fight with local tribes?
Answer:
He was helped by mobilised local hunters, warriors and labourers to fight with local tribes.
Question 2. Source Based Question
Read the extract taken from your NCERT Textbook, then answer the following questions:
In spite of my best efforts, I could not properly do the work that was allotted to me. In a few days, I got my hands bruised all over and I could not go to work for a week for which I was prosecuted and sent to jail for 14 days.
New emigrants find the tasks allotted to them extremely heavy and cannot complete them in a day… Deductions are also made from wages if the work is considered to have been done unsatisfactorily.
Many people cannot therefore earn their full wages and are punished in various ways. In fact, the labourers have to spend their period of indenture in great trouble.
(1) Name the source of this passage.
Answer:
The passage has been taken from the testimony of Ram Narain Tiwari. He was an indentured labourer. It has been taken from the Department of Commerce and Industry, Emigrant Branch, 1916.
(2) Why could the writer not properly do the work allotted to him?
Answer:
The writer could not do the allotted work properly because he got his hand bruised all over.
(3) What punishment was given to the writer for not going to work?
Answer:
He was prosecuted and sent to jail for 14 days.
