CBSE Class 8 Geography Chapter 4 Industries Notes

CBSE Class 8 Geography Chapter 4 Industries Classification of Industries

Industries can be classified on the basis of raw materials, size and ownership.

Industries on the Basis of Raw Materials

On the basis of raw material industries can be classified in to the following.

• Agro-Based Industries These use plant and animal based products as their raw materials. For example food processing, vegetable oil, cotton textile, dairy products and leather industries.
• Mineral Based Industries These are the primary industries that use mineral ores as their raw materials. The products of these industries provide raw material to other industries.
  For example, iron made from iron ore’ is the product of mineral based industry. This is used as raw material for the manufacture of a number of other products such as heavy machinery, building materials and railway coaches.

• Marine Based Industries These industries use products from the sea and oceans as raw materials. For example, industries processing sea foods or manufacturing fish oil.
• Forest Based Industries These use forest produce as raw materials. The industries associated with forests are pulp and paper, pharmaceuticals, furniture and buildings.

Industries on the Basis of Size

Size refers to the amount of capital invested, number of people employed and the volume of production.

On the basis of size, industries can be classified into the following

• Small-Scale Industries These industries use less amount of capital and technology. Cottage or household industries are a type of small-scale industry where the products are made by hands, by the artisans For example, basket weaving, silk weaving, food- processing, and pottery and other handicrafts industries.
• Large-Scale Industries These industries use large amount of capital investment and superior technology to produce large volumes of products. For example iron and steel industries, heavy electricals, production of automobiles and heavy machinery.

Industries on the Basis of Ownership

On the basis of ownership, industries can be classified into the following

• Private Sector Industries These industries are owned and operated by individuals or a group of individuals. For example, Tata Iron and Steel Industry, Jamshedpur.
• Public Sector Industries These industries are owned and operated by the government. For example, Hindustan Aeronautics Limited and Steel Authority of India Limited.
• Joint Sector Industries These industries are owned and operated by the state and individuals or a group of individuals. For example, Maruti Udyog Limited.
• Co-operative Sector Industries These industries are owned and operated by the producers or suppliers of raw materials, workers or both. For example, Anand Milk Union Limited and Sudha Dairy.

CBSE Class 8 Geography Chapter 4 Industries Factors Affecting Location of Industries

The factors affecting the location of industries are the availability of raw material, land, water, labour, power, capital, transport and market. Industries are situated where some or all of these factors are easily available.

Sometimes, the government offers incentives like subsidised power, lower transport cost and other infrastructure to encourage industries to set up in backward areas. Industrialisation often leads to development and growth of towns and cities.

CBSE Class 8 Geography Chapter 4 Industries Industrial System

An industrial system consists of the following

• Input It includes the raw materials, labour and costs of land, transport, power and other infrastructure.
• Process It includes a wide range of activities that convert the raw material into finished products.
• Output It is the end product and the income earned from it.

For example, in textile industry, the inputs may be cotton, human labour, factory and transport cost. The processes include ginning, spinning, weaving, dyeing and printing and the output is the shirt.

CBSE Class 8 Geography Chapter 4 Industries Industrial Regions

Industrial regions emerge when a number of industries locate close to each other and share the benefits of their closeness.

Major industrial regions of the world are

• Eastern North America
• Western and Central Europe
• Eastern Europe
• Eastern Asia

Such areas are usually located in temperate areas near sea ports and coal fields.

• India has several Industrial regions like
• Mumbai-Pune cluster
• Bangalore-Tamil Nadu region
• Hugli region
• Ahmedabad-Baroda region
• Chottanagpur industrial belt
• Visakhapatnam-Guntur belt
• Gurgaon-Delhi-Meerut region
• Kollam-Thiruvanathapuram industrial cluster

CBSE Class 8 Geography Chapter 4 Industries Distribution of Major Industries

The world’s major industries are the iron and steel industry, the textile industry and the information technology industry. Iron and steel industries are located in Germany, USA, China, Japan and Russia. Textile industries are mainly located in India, Hong Kong, South Korea, Japan and Taiwan. The major hubs for the information technology industry are Silicon Valley in California and the Bangalore region in India.

Iron and Steel Industry

Iron and steel industry is a feeder industry whose products are used as raw material for other industries.

The inputs for this industry include raw materials such as iron ore, coal and limestone, along with labour, capital, site and other infrastructure.

The process of converting iron ore into steel involves many stages which include putting raw material in the blast furnace where it undergoes smelting and then refining it.

The output that is obtained after refining is steel which may be used by other industries as raw material.

Before 1800 AD, iron and steel industries were located in areas where raw materials, power supply and running water were easily available.

Later, the ideal location for the industry was near coal fields and close to canals and railways.

After 1950, iron and steel industry began to be located on large areas of flat land near sea ports. This is because steel works had become very large and iron ore had to be imported from overseas.

Iron and Steel Industries in India

In India, the iron and steel industry has grown due to access to raw materials, cheap labour, transport, and markets.

The important steel producing centres in India include Bhilai, Durgapur, Burnpur, Jamshedpur, Rourkela and Bokaro. All these important centres are situated in a region that spreads over four states which are West Bengal, Jharkhand, Odisha and Chhattisgarh.

Bhadravati and Vijay Nagar in Karnataka, Visakhapatnam in Andhra Pradesh, Salem in Tamil Nadu are other important steel centres.

The development of the iron and steel industry led to rapid industrial development in India. The Indian iron and steel industry consists of large integrated steel plants as well as mini steel mills. It also includes secondary producers, rolling mills and ancillary industries®.

Jamshedpur

Geographically, Jamshedpur is the most conveniently situated iron and steel centre in India. It was previously known as Sakchi.

Tata Iron and Steel Company Limited (TISCO) is the only iron and steel industry started before independence. TISCO was privately owned and started in 1907 at Sakchi, near the confluence of the rivers Subarnarekha and Kharkai in Jharkhand.

Sakchi was chosen to set-up the steel plant for several reasons

• This place was only 32 km away from Kalimati station on the Bengal-Nagpur railway line.
• It was close to the sources of raw material like coal from Jharia coalfields, and iron ore, limestone, dolomite and manganese from Odisha and Chhattisgarh.
• Kolkata provides a large market to this region.
• The Kharkai and Subarnarekha rivers ensured sufficient water supply.
• Government initiatives provided adequate capital for its later development.

Pittsburgh: Steel City of USA

Pittsburgh is an important steel city of the United States of America. As other steel plants, it also enjoys favourable geographical conditions such as

• Raw material like coal is available locally. Iron ore comes from the iron mines at Minnesota, about 1500 km from Pittsburgh.
• The famous Great Lakes waterway provides one of the best routes for shipping ore cheeply between Minnesota and Pittsburgh. Trains carry the ore from Great Lakes to Pittsburgh.
• The Ohio, the Monogahela and Allegheny rivers provide adequate water supply to this region.

Today, a small number of large steel mills are located in Pittsburgh. These are located in the valleys of Monogahela and Allegheny rivers above Pittsburgh and along the Ohio river below it.

Many factories other than steel mills are also located in Pittsburgh. These factories use steel as their raw material to make many different products such as railroad equipment, heavy machinery and rails.

Question 1. Trace the journey of your shirt from a cotton field to your wardrobe.

Answer. A shirt’s journey starts in cotton fields where farmers nurture cotton plants. During harvest season, cotton buds, grow on plant. Cotton buds are plucked and cotton seeds are separated.

Then it is processed for spinning. In early days, it was done by hands or looms. Now, machines are used which are run by power.

After spinning, the weaving process starts and cotton clothes are ready for making shirts which we use. This process involves power, labour and capital in big amount.

Question 2. Give some examples of agro-based industries.

Answer. Some examples of agro-based industries are food processing, vegetables oil, cotton textile, dairy products and leather industries.

Question 3. Find out the inputs, outputs and processes involved in the manufacture of a leather shoe.

Answer. In case of manufacturing of leather shoes, the inputs may be leather, labour, cost of transport, power and other infrastructure. The processes to convert hides into tough leather include design, stamping, sewing, assembling and finishing. The output is the leather shoes.

Question 4. Answer the following questions.

(1) What is meant by the term ‘industry’?

Answer. Industry means an economic activity that is related to production of goods, extraction of minerals and the provision of services. For examples, iron and steel industry, coal mining industry and tourism industry.

(2) Which are the main factors which influence the location of an industry?

Answer. The main factors which influence the location of an industry are

• Availability of raw materials
• Transport and communication
• Land
• Power
• Capital
• Labour
• Market and water

(3) Which industry is often referred to as the backbone of the modern industry and why?

Answer. Iron and steel industry is often referred to as the backbone of the modern industry.

It is because it is a ‘feeder’ industry whose products are used as raw material for other industries. Almost everything is either made from iron or steel or has been made using tools and machineries of these metals.

There are plenty of examples like ships, trains, vehicles; all are made largely of steel. Materials of our day-to-day use starting from safety pin to building in which we live, are made from steel. Without the use of iron, no industry can run.

Question 5. Distinguish between the following.

(1) Agro-based and Mineral-based industries.

Answer. The differences between agro-based and mineral-based industries are

Joint sector industries

(2) Public sector and Joint sector industries

Answer. The differences between public sector industries and joint sector industries are Public sector industries The industries which are owned and operated by State Government or Central Government are called public sector industries.

Question 6. Give two examples of the following in the space provided.

(1) Raw materials: ……… and …………

(2) End products: ……… and ………….

(3) Tertiary activities: ……… and ……….

(4) Agro-based Industries: ……… and ………..

(5) Cottage Industries: ………… and ………

(6) Co-operatives: ……… and ……..

Answer. (1) iron-ore, cotton

(2) car, notebooks

(3) banking, transport

(4) Pottery and bn

(5) Pottery and basket weaving

(6) amul butter, khadi industry

CBSE Class 8 Geography Chapter 4 Industries Review Exercise

Multiple Choice Questions (MCQs)

Question 1. Maruti Udyog industry comes under

1. Private Sector
2. Public Sector
3. Joint Sector
4. Cooperative Sector

Answer. 3. Joint Sector

Question 2. These industries are owned and operated by the producers or suppliers or both. Indentify them.

1. Private industries
2. Public industries
3. Joint industries
4. Co-operative industries

Answer. 4. Co-operative industries

Question 3. Which of these factor(s) affect the location of industries?

1. Power
2. Availability of raw material
3. Transport
4. All of these

Answer. 4. All of these

Question 4. Ankur, a resident of Noida, decided to establish a industry in an effective manner. Which of the following factors significantly influences the location of industry?

1. Government Policies
2. Market
3. Labour
4. All of the above

Answer. 4. All of the above

Question 5. Why is steel called the backbone of modern industries?

1. Steel is cheaper
2. Steel is available everywhere in the world
3. Everything we use is related with steel
4. None of the above

Answer. 3. Everything we use is related with steel

Question 6. In which of the following countries are the world’s major iron and steel industries located?

1. Germany
2. China
3. Russia
4. All of these

Answer. 4. All of these

Question 7. TISCO was started in the year……… at Sakchi.

1. 1907
2. 1980
3. 1807
4. 1954

Answer. 1. 1907

Question 8………. is an important steel city of the United States of America.

1. New York
2. Pittsburgh
3. Washington
4. None of these

Answer. 2. Pittsburgh

Question 9. Industrial disaster occurred in Bhopal on

1. 3rd December, 1974
2. 3rd December, 1980
3. 3rd December, 1983
4. 3rd December, 1984

Answer. 4. 3rd December, 1980

Question 10. On the night of 2nd December, 1984, one of the biggest industrial disasters to ever take place began unfolding in Bhopal, Madhya Pradesh.

Source – Indian Express

Which gas was leaked in Bhopal gas tragedy from a nearby Union Carbide Pesticide plant?

1. Methyl Isocyanate
2. Carbon monoxide
3. Methane
4. Oxygen

Answer. 1. Methyl Isocyanate

Question 11. Which one of the following statements is/are Incorrect?

1. Manufacturing is known as a tertiary activity.

2. The iron and steel industry is known as Sunrise Industry. Codes

1. Only 1
2. Both 1 and 2
3. Only 2
4. None of these

Answer. 2. Both 1 and 2

Question 12. Which one of the following statements is/are correct?

1. Public sector industries are owned and operated by the government.

2. Private sector industries are owned and operated by a group or individuals.

1. Both 1 and 2
2. Only 2
3. Only 1
4. None of these

Answer. 1. Both 1 and 2

Question 13. Identify the city that describes the area given below.

1. It is an important city of the United States of America.

2. It is one of major steel industry city.

3. The Ohio, the Monagahela and Allegheny rivers provide water supply to this area.

1. New York
2. Washington
3. Baltimore
4. Pittsburgh

Answer. 4. Pittsburgh

CBSE Class 8 Geography Chapter 4 Industries Match the Following

Question 1.

1. A – 2, B – 3, C – 1, D – 4
2. A – 4, B – 1, C – 2, D – 3
3. A – 3, B – 4, C – 1, D – 2
4. A – 1, B – 2, C – 3, D – 4

Answer. 3. A – 3, B – 4, C – 1, D – 2

Question 2.

1. A – 1, B – 2, C – 3, D – 4
2. A – 3, B – 1, C – 4, D – 2
3. A – 4, B – 3, C – 2, D – 1
4. A – 2, B – 4, C – 1, D – 3

Answer. 2. A – 3, B – 1, C – 4, D – 2

Chapter 4 Industries Assertion-Reason

Question 1. Assertion (A) Capital and labour are the inputs required for the steel industry.

Reason (R) Capital is essential for infrastructure and equipment, while labour is needed for manufacturing process.

(a) Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation of A

(b) Both A and R are true, but R is not the correct explanation of A

(c) A is true, but R is false

(d) A is false, but R is true

Answer. (a) Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation of A

Question 2. Assertion (A) TISCO was originally established in 1907 in Sakchi, near the confluence of the rivers Subarnarekha and Kharkai.

Reason (R) Sakchi, where TISCO was founded, was later renamed as Jamshedpur.

(a) Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation of A

(b) Both A and R are true, but R is not the correct explanation of A

(c) A is true, but R is false

(d) A is false, but R is true

Answer. (b) Both A and R are true, but R is not the correct explanation of A

CBSE Class 8 Geography Chapter 4 Industries Fill in the blanks

Question 1. Industries can be classified on the basis of raw materials, size and…………

Answer. owernship

Question 2. Basket weaving, handicrafts and pottery are examples of……….. industry.

Answer. small-scale/cottage

Question 3. The process of smelting is done in a ………..

Answer. blast furnace

Question 4. Market is one of the………. factors for setting up of industries.

Answer. locational

Chapter 4 Industries True/False

Question 1. Production of automobiles and heavy machinery are small scale industries.

Answer. False

Question 2. An industrial system consists of input processes and outputs.

Answer. True

Question 3. Smelting is the process in which metals are extracted from their ores by heating beyond the melting point.

Answer. True

Question 4. Mineral based industries use plant and animal based products as their raw materials.

Answer. False

CBSE Class 8 Geography Chapter 4 Industries Picture Based Questions

Question 1. Which type of industry can be seen in the picture?

(a) Mineral-based industry

(b) Agro-based industry

(c) Marine-based industry

(d) Forest-based industry

Answer. (b) Agro-based industry

Question 2. The below given Image represent a co-operative sector Industry. Who owns and operates co-operative sector industries?

(a) Government authorities

(b) Private investors

(c) Suppliers of raw materials, workers

(d) None of the above

Answer. (c) Suppliers of raw materials, workers

CBSE Class 8 Geography Chapter 4 Industries Case Based Question

Question 1. Read the passage given below and answer the following questions.

Industrial regions emerge when a number of Industries are located close to each other and share the benefits of their closeness. Major industrial regions of the world are Eastern North America, “Western and Central Europe, Eastern Europe and Eastern Asia. Major industrial regions tend to be located in temperate areas, near seaports and especially near coal fields.

India has several industrial regions like Mumbai-Pune cluster, Bangalore-Tamil Nadu region, Hugli region, Ahmedabad-Baroda region, Chota Nagpur Industrial belt, Visakhapatnam-Guntur belt, Gurgaon-Delhi-Meerut region and the Kollam-Thiruvananthapuram industrial cluster.

(1) Which of the following is not a major Industrial region In the world?

(a) Western Europe

(b) Eastern Asia

(c) Southern Africa

(d) Eastern Europe

(2) In which type of areas are major Industrial regions often located?

(a) Polar areas

(b) Tropical areas

(c) Temperate areas

(d) Arid areas

(3) Which of the following is/are an Industrial region In India?

(a) Mumbai-Pune cluster

(b) Bangalore-Tamil Nadu region

(c) Hugli region

(d) All of the above

(4) When does the Industrial regions energy?

(a) When industries are scattered across a country.

(b) When industries are located close to each other and share the benefits of closeness.

(c) When lidustries are located far from each other.

(d) When industries are solely based on agricultural production.

Answer. (1) (c) Southern Africa

(2) (c) Temperate areas

(3) (d) All of the above

(4) (b) When industries are located close to each other and share the benefits of closeness.

CBSE Class 8 Geography Chapter 4 Industries Very Short Answer Type Questions

Question 1. What do you understand by the word manufacturing?

Answer. Manufacturing is an activity which changes raw material into products of more value to people.

Question 2. What are the stages of making notebook from pulp?

Answer. The stages of making a notebook from pulp include cutting of trees, and transporting them to the pulp mill.

There the wood of the tree was processed and converted into wood pulp which was mixed with chemicals. Finally it was changed into paper by machines and bound into a notebook.

Question 3. Name three common methods of classifying industries.

Answer. Industries are classified according to raw material used, size and ownership.

Question 4. Mention the major industrial regions of the world.

Answer. The major industrial regions of the world are

• Eastern North America
• Western and Central Europe
• Eastern Europe
• Eastern Asia

Question 5. What does industrial system consists of?

Answer. Industrial system consists of three things

(1) Inputs

(2) Processes

(3) Outputs

Question 6. Which public sector steel plant of India is located near a port?

Answer. Visakhapatnam steel plant of India is located near a port.

Question 7. What is industrial region?

Answer. An industrial region is a place where a number of industries are located close to each other and share the benefits of their closeness. For example, Mumbai-Pune cluster and Bangalore-Tamil Nadu region.

Question 8. Give one reason for industrial disaster.

Answer. Technical failure or irresponsible handling of hazardous material could be one reason for industrial disaster.

Question 9. Name four common processes involved in a textile industry.

Answer. Ginning, spinning, weaving and dyeing are processes involved in a textile industry.

Question 10. Which industry is one of the oldest industries in the world?

Answer. Cotton textile and iron and steel industries are the oldest industries in the world.

Question 11. What is smelting?

Answer. Smelting is the process in which metals are extracted from their ores by heating above the melting point.

Question 12. When was TISCO started and where was it located?

Answer. TISCO was started in 1907 at Sakchi, near the confluence of the rivers Subarnarekha and Kharkai in Jharkhand.

CBSE Class 8 Geography Chapter 4 Industries Short Answer Type Questions

Question 1. What do you understand by secondary activities? Give an example.

Answer. Secondary activities or manufacturing change raw materials into products of more value to people. For example, pulp was changed into paper and paper into a note book. These represent the two stages of the manufacturing process.

The paper made from pulp and cloth made from cotton have had value added to them at each stage of the manufacturing process. In this way the finished product has more value and utility than the raw material that it is made from.

Question 2. Classify Industries on the basis of their size.

Answer. On the basis of size, industries can be classified into the following

• Small-Scale Industries These industries less amount of capital and technology. Cottage or household industries are a type of small-scale industry where the products are made by hands, by the artisans For example basket weaving, silk weaving, food-processing, and pottery and other handicrafts industries.
• Large-Scale Industries These industries use large amount of capital investment and superior technology to produce large volumes of products. For example iron and steel industries, heavy electricals, production of automobiles and heavy machinery.

Question 3. Write a short note on the various classifications of Industries.

Answer. Industries can be classified on the basis of raw materials, size of industry and ownership. Industries can be further classified on the basis of these criteria.

(1) On the basis of raw materials, industries can be classified into

• Agro based industries
• Mineral based industries
• Forest based industries

(2) On the basis of size, industries can be classified into

• Large-scale industries.
• Small-scale industries

(3) On the basis of ownership, industries can be classified into

• Private sector industries
• Public sector industries
• Joint sector industries

Question 4. List the major industries of the world and where they are located?

Answer. The world’s major industries are the iron and steel industry, the textile industry and the information technology industry.

Locations of iron and steel industry are

• Germany
• USA
• China

Locations of textile industry are

• India
• Hong Kong
• South Korea
• Japan

Locations of information technology industry are

• Silicon Valley of Central California
• Bangalore region of India.

Question 5. Write a short note on industrial regions.

Answer. Industrial regions emerge when a number of industries locate close to each other and share the benefits of their closeness.

Major industrial regions of the world are

• Eastern North America
• Eastern Europe
• Western and Central Europe
• Eastern Asia

Such areas are usually located in temperate areas near sea ports and coal fields.

Question 6. Suggest some measures to reduce industrial risk. Or Describe the risk reduction measures.

Answer. To reduce industrial risk, the following measures should be followed

• Densely populated residential areas should be separated far away from the industrial areas.
• People staying in the vicinity of industries should be aware of the storage of toxins or hazardous substances and their possible effects in case if an accident occurs.
• Fire warning and fighting system should be improved.

Question 7. What are the inputs, process and output of iron and steel industry?

Answer. Inputs, process and output of a iron and steel industry are

• Inputs Iron ore is the main raw material that is used in this industry. Other inputs needed are labour, capital, coal, infrastructural facilities, etc.
• Process The process of converting iron-ore into involves steel many stages. The raw material is put in the blast furnace where it undergoes smelting, then it is refined.
• Output The output obtained after refining is steel which may be used by other industries as raw material.

Question 8. “The iron and steel industry is the basic as well as heavy industry.” Support the statement with suitable examples.

Answer. The iron and steel is called basic industry because all other industries depend on it for their machinery. Steel is needed to manufacture a variety of engineering goods, construction material, defence, medical, telephones, scientific equipment and variety of consumer goods.

Iron and steel is a heavy industry because all the raw materials and finished goods are heavy. They are bulky also. They are entailing heavy transportation costs.

Question 9. Steel is often called the backbone of modern industry. Almost everything we used is either made of iron or steel or has been made with tools and machinery of these metals.

(1) What was the ideal location for iron and steel industry?

Answer. Ideal location for the iron and steel industry is near coal fields and close to canals and railways.

(2) What are the uses of steel that are essential part of the world today?

Answer. Steel has become very essential part of industry and our life. Ships, trains, trucks and autos are made largely of steel. Even safety pins and the needles are made of steel. Oil wells are drilled with steel machinery. Minerals are mixed with steel equipment. Large buildings also have steel framework.

Question 10. Explain the favourable factors for the location of steel plant at Jamshedpur.

Answer. Iron and steel industry is located at Jamshedpur due to the following factors.

• Manganese is obtained from Keonjhar district of Odisha.
• Well-developed network of transport is available.
• Kolkata provides port facilities to steel plant at Jamshedpur
• Cheap and skilled labour is available from the nearby states

Question 11. Pittsburgh is an important steel city of the United States of America. Explain the steel industry of Pittsburgh.

Answer. Pittsburgh is an important steel city of the United States of America. It enjoys favourable geographical conditions such as

• Raw material like coal is available locally, Iron ore comes from the iron mines at Minnesota, about 1500 km from Pittsburgh.
• The famous Great Lakes waterway provides one of the best routes for shipping ore cheeply between Minnesota and Pittsburgh. Trains carry the ore from Great Lakes to Pittsburgh.
• The Ohio, the Monogahela and Allegheny rivers provide adequate water supply to this region.

Question 12. What do you mean by information and technology?

Answer. Information Technology (IT) refers to the use of computers, software, and telecommunications to store, transmit, and manipulate data.

It includes activities like computer programming, networking, and using digital tools to process and manage information, making our lives more efficient and connected.

CBSE Class 8 Geography Chapter 4 Industries Long Answer Type Questions

Question 1. Manufacturing industries are important for the economic development of the country. Discuss?

Answer. Manufacturing industries play a crucial role in the economic development of a country for a variety of reasons.

• Job Creation Manufacturing industries provide employment opportunities to a large number of people, contributing to a reduction in unemployment rates.
• Increased Production These industries produce a wide range of goods, from consumer products to machinery. which are essential for the growth of various sectors of the economy.
• Foreign Exchange Earnings Exports of manufactured goods can bring in significant foreign exchange, helping to stabilise a country’s balance of payments.
• Technological Advancement Manufacturing industries often drive technological innovation and advancement, leading to increased productivity and efficiency.
• Infrastructure Development The growth of manufacturing industries requires infrastructure development, such as roads, railways, and power supply, which benefits not only the industries but also the overall development of the country.

Question 2. Classify industries on the basis of raw material..

Answer. Industries can be classified based on the type of raw materials they use into the following categories

• Agro-Based Industries These use plant and animal-based products as their raw materials. Their examples include food processing, vegetable oil extraction, cotton textile manufacturing product processing and leather industries
• Mineral-Based Industries These utilise mineral ores as their primary raw materials. These industries produce materials like iron, steel, cement and chemicals that are used in various sectors. Products from mineral-based industries often serve as inputs for other industries.
• Marine-Based Industries These use products derived from the sea and oceans as their raw materials. Their examples include seafood processing, fish oil extraction and industries related to marine resources.
• Forest-Based Industries These utilise forest produce as their raw materials. These industries produce items like pulp and paper, pharmaceuticals, furniture, and building materials, primarily using wood and other forest resources.

Question 3. Classify industries on the basis of their ownership.

Answer. Industries can be classified based on ownership into the following categories

• Private Sector Industries These are owned and operated by individuals or a group of individuals. Their examples include privately-owned manufacturing companies, small businesses and corporations.
• Public Sector Industries These are owned and operated by the government. Their examples include government-run enterprises like Hindustan Aeronautics Limited and Steel Authority of India Limited
• Joint Sector Industries These are owned and operated by both the state government and individuals or a group of individuals. Their examples include Maruti Udyog Limited, where the government and private individuals collaborate in ownership and management,
• Co-operative Sector Industries These are owned and operated by the producers or suppliers of raw materials, workers, or both, who form cooperatives. Their examples include Anand Milk Union Limited (AMUL) and Sudha Dairy, which are successful cooperative ventures where farmers and dairy workers collectively own and manage the industry.

Question 4. What is Industrial disaster? Give some steps to minimise the risks of Industrial disaster.

Answer. Industrial Disaster is a term used for accidents or disaster which some times happen in industries mainly due to technical failure or irresponsible handling of hazardaus materials.

The steps of risk reduction measures are as follow

• Zoning and Separation Densely populated residential areas should be located far away from industrial areas to minimise the risk to human life in the event of an industrial accident. Proper zoning regulations can help to achieve this separation.
• Public Awareness People living near industrial areas should be educated and made aware of the presence of toxic or hazardous substances in vicinity. Public awareness campaigns can help residents to understand the potential risks and how to respond in case of an accident.
• Improved Safety Systems Fire warning and fighting system should be improved.
• Limiting Storage The storage capacity of toxic substances within industrial facilities should be limited to the minimum necessity. Reducing the quantity of hazardous materials on-site can reduce the potential for accidents and their serverity.

Question 5. Explain about Industrial System in detail with an example.

Answer. An industrial system consists of inputs, processes and outputs. The inputs are the raw materials, labour and costs of land, transport power and other infrastructure, such as communication networks, waste disposal systems and security measures.

The processes includes a wide range of activities that convert the raw material into finished products. The processes include a wide range of activities that convert the raw material into finished products. The outputs are the end product and the income earned from it.

For example, in the case of the textile industry, the inputs are cotton, human labour, factory space and transport costs. The processes include ginning, spinning, weaving, dyeing and printing. The output is the shirt you wear.

CBSE Class 8 Geography Chapter 4 Industries Picture-based Questions

Question 1. Look at the picture given below and answer the questions.

(1) What significant change occurred in the location of the Iron and steel Industry after 1950?

Answer. After 1950, the iron and steel industry began to be located on large areas of flat land near seaports

(2) Where was the iron and steel industry located before 1800 AD?

Answer. Before 1800 AD, the iron and steel industry was located near the availability of raw materials, power supply and running water.

(3) Why did the iron and steel industry started to concentrate near seaports after 1950?

Answer. The iron and steel industry started to concentrate near the seaport because steelworks had become very large, and iron ore had to be imported from overseas, making seaports more convenient for transportation.

Question 2. Look at the picture given below and answer the questions.

(1) Which was the only iron and steel plant in the country before 1947?

Answer. Tata Iron and Steel Company Limited (TISCO) was the only iron and steel plant in the country before 1947, which was privately operated.

(2) Where does TISCO get its coal from?

Answer. TISCO gets its coal from the Jharia coal fields.

CBSE Class 8 Geography Chapter 4 Industries Case Based Question

Question 1. Read the source given below and answer the following questions.

Pittsburgh is an important steel city of the United States of America. The steel industry at Pittsburgh enjoys locational advantages. Some of the raw material such as coal is available locally, while the iron ore comes from the iron mines at Minnesota, about 1500 km from Pittsburgh.

Between these mines and Pittsburgh is one of the world’s best routes for shipping ore cheaply – the famous Great Lakes waterway. Trains carry the ore from the Great Lakes to the Pittsburgh area.

The Ohio, the Monogahela and Allegheny rivers provide adequate water supply. Today, very few of the large steel mills are in Pittsburgh itself. They are located in the valleys of the Monogahela and Allegheny rivers above Pittsburgh and along the Ohio river below it.

Finished steel is transported to the market by both land and water routes. The Pittsburgh area has many factories other than steel mills. These use steel as their raw material to make many different products such as railroad equipment, heavy machinery and rails.

(1) How is iron ore transported from the iron mines In Minnesota to Pittsburgh?

Answer. Iron ore is transported from the iron mines in Minnesota to Pittsburgh by trains, using the Great Lakes waterway as one of the best routes for cost-effective shipping.

(2) What are the locational advantages of Pittsburgh for the steel industry?

Answer. Locational advantages in Pittsburgh include the availability of local coal, proximity to iron ore mines in Minnesota connected via the Great Lakes waterway, and access to the Ohio, Monogahela, and Allegheny rivers for water supply.

(3) Where are most of the large steel mills located in relation to Pittsburgh today?

Answer. Today, most of the large steel mills are located in the valleys of the Monogahela and Allegheny Rivers above Pittsburgh and along the Ohio river below it.

CBSE Class 8 Geography Chapter 4 Industries Map Based Questions

Question 1. With the help of an atlas, identify some iron and steel industries in India and mark their location on an outline map of India.

Answer.

Question 2. On an outline map of the world, mark the countries in which Iron and steel industry is located.

Answer. Countries with iron and steel industry are USA, India, China, Russia, Germany and Japan.