Dental Products Introduction
Dental hygiene has been considered as important since long. In India poor dental health is a major problem and has been compounded by ignorance , poor literacy levels, habits like chewing of tobacco ,pan and pan masalas. In oerder to maintain dental hygiene, we have to take care of our teeth.
The teeth are accessory of digestive system. People use their teeth to bite and chew food. The long, sharp canine teeth tear up food, while the wide, flat, molar grinds mash up the
food.
It is the first step in the digestion of food. While chewing food, the tongue pushes it to the teeth and saliva helps in digestion and wets the food.
Tooth: Tooth consists of three layers of calcified tissue namely :
- Dentitle: Which surrounds the pulp cavity and extends through out the entire portion of tooth.
- Cementum : A layer covering the portion of tooth lying buried in the gum.
- Enamel : A white, hard material covering the portion of tooth projecting above the gum.
Vitamin A, C and D are all necessary for proper tooth formation. The deficiency of any of these can harm or affect the teeth. A number of inorganic compounds and their preparations are used in monitoring the oral and dental hygiene.
Most of them are Over-the-counter (OTC) products. Dental products include anticaries agent (dentrifices and fluoride salts), polishing agents and desensitizing agents.
Read and Learn More Pharmaceutical Inorganic Chemistry Notes
Anticaries Agent
Dental caries is the medical term for tooth decay or cavities. It is caused by specific type of bacteria. They produce acid that destroys the tooth’s enamel and the layer under it, the
dentin.
Many different types of bacteria normally live in the human mouth. They build up on the teeth in a sticky film called plaque. This plaque also contains saliva, bits of food and other natural substance.
Plaque forms most easily in certain parts. These include cracks, pits or grooves in the back teeth, in between teeth and near the gum line. Some of the plaque bacteria turn sugar and carbohydrate (starches) of the food into the acids.
The acid dissolves minerals in the hard enamel that covers the tooth crown. The enamel erods or develops spits. They are too small to set at first. But they get larger over time. Adds can also seep through pores in the enamel.
This is how decay begins in the softer dentin layer, the main body of the tooth. As the dentin breaks down, the enamel over it can collapse, forming a cavity. A mucin-rich saliva has less cleansing action on tooth and therefore, helps to the development of caries.
Poor nutrition of the infant and the mother at the time of infancy and childhood results in poor architecture of the teeth which become suspectible to the development of caries in the early age.
Dental caries can be prevented and oral and dental hygiene can be maintained with the help of dentrifices. Dentrifices are the products that enhance the removal of stains and dental plaque by the tooth brush.
The most accepted-approach to prevent caries including flossing and brushing accompanied by administration of fluoride and brushing accompanied by administration of fluoride either internally or topically the teeth.
Newer devices also have been developed to detect tooth decay. They are useful in some situations and rhey do not spread decay. The one most commonly used dental caries is a liquid dye or stain the dentist brushes the non toxic dye over your teeth,then rinse it off with water .
It rinses always cleanly from healthy areas but sticks to the decayed areas. Some dentist also use high tech devices such as layers to detect cavities. Under many conditions,these devices can detect very early tooth decay,which actually can be reversed.
Role Of Fluoride
Fluoride is anticariogenic as it replaces the hydroxyl ion in hydroxy apatite with the fluoride ion to form fluorapatite in the outer surface of the enamel. It can be administrated by two
routes- Orally and Topically.
Fluoride in low concentration (1-2 parts per million), if present in drinking water, also causes, the decrease in development of incidence of caries in the population. Fluoride can also be administrated orally as Sodium Fluoride tablets or drops added in water or fruit juice. But it is not beneficial as such.
A 2% aqueous solution of sodium fluoride and 8% solution of stannous fluoride are extensively used for topical application. Two such well established fluorides are Sodium fluoride and Stannous fluoride.
Role Of Phosphate
Inorganic phosphate salts can also be useful in the prevention of dental caries. Phosphate ions are needed for stronger bone as well as for healthy teeth. Soluble salts of phosphate
such as sodium monohydrogen phosphate, sodium dihydrogen phosphate can cause caries reduction in men. It is also used as cleansing agent.
Sodium Fluoride
Chemical Formula : NaF Molecular Weight: 41.99
It is having not less than 98.0% of NaF and not more than 100.5% of NaF, calculated with refrence to the dried substance.
Preparation
It is prepared by reacting hydrofluoric acid with Sodium Carbonate. Sodium fluoride being not very soluble precipitates out.
Alternatively, the another method involves the double decomposition of Calcium Fluoride with Sodium Carbonate.
Here, insoluble calcium carbonate can be removed by filtration.
Properties
It occurs as colourless, odourless crystals or as white powder. It is soluble in water but is insoluble in alcohol. On acidification of salt solution, hydrofluoric acid is produced. This is weak acid and is poisonous. Aqueous solution of salt yields alkaline solution.
Storage
Aqueous solution of Sodium Fluoride corrodes ordinary glass bottles and hence the solution should be prepared in distilled water and stored in dark, pyrex bottles.
Pharmaceutical uses
It is used in the prevention of dental carles because ol Its lluorldo Ion concentration. tooth constituent of some insecticides and rodenllcides. It Is used In tin* preparation o a
pastes which constitutes about 75% of Sodium Fluoride and 25% of glycerol.
Usual dose
2.2 mg (equivalent to lmg of fluoride Ion)
Applications
1.5-3.0 ppm in drinking water.
Stannous Fluoride
Molecular formula : SnF2 Molecular Weight: 156.69
Synonym: Tin fluoride
Methods of preparation
It is prepared by evaporating a solution of stannous oxide, In Hydrofluoric acid In the absence of oxygen.
Stannous fluoride is prepared by heating Stannous Oxide with gaseous hydrofluoric acid in the absence of oxygen.
Properties
It occurs as a white crystalline powder with a bitter saline unpleasant taste. It Is freely soluble in water; practically insoluble in alcohol, chloroform and ether. Aqueous solution
decomposes within a few hours with the formation of a white precipitate, they slowly attack glass.
Uses
It is used as a preventive for dental caries.
Dentrifices Or Cleaning Agents
A dentrifice is a substance used with a tooth brush for the purpose of cleaning the accessible surfaces of the teeth. Commercial dentrifices are available in the form of pastes and powders. Many dentrifices contain flavours and soap or detergent.
The powders and pastes contain abrasives such as Calcium Carbonate, Calcium Phosphates, Calcium Sulphate, insoluble Sodium Metaphosphate, Calcium Carbonate and Sodium Chloride.
Toothpastes contain liquids (e.g. glycerin, propylene glycol, sorbitol solution, water and alcohol) and thickners (e.g. starch, trageanth, algin and cellulose derivative). Dentrifices or tooth pastes are responsible for physically removing plaque and debris.
They may also contain some sweetening agents. Certain individual may need an abrasive containing dentrifices. The abrasive dislodges the dental plaques and helps to remove them. It should be mildly abrasive for this purpose.
Calcium Carbonate
Chemical Formula: CaC03 Molecular Weight. : 100.09
Synonym
Precipiated Chalk, Precipitated Calcium Carbonate. It is the most abundant and widely distributed in nature as limestone, iceland spar, olomite and shells of sea animals.
Method of Preparation
Calcium carbonate when come in contact with sodium carbonate leads to the formation of calcium carbonate and sodium chloride
Physical Properties
Calcium carbonate occurs as a white, odourless, tasteless, micro crystalline powder which is stable in air. It is practically soluble in dilute hydrochloric acid and nitric acid but is insoluble in water and alcohol.
It dissolves in aqueous phosphoric acid & the solution on evaporation deposits crystals of calcium dihydrogen.
Assay
This is complexometric assay. The sample is dissolved in water and hydrochloric acid and a known excess of 0.1M disodium edetate is added & diluted with watewr. It is neutralised
with strong ammonia solution, ammonia buffer pH 10 and mordant black II mixture are added and the titration is continued till be change of colour from pink to full blue takes place
at the end point.
Calcon mixture consist of calcon (mordant black) and freshly ignited anhydrous sodium sulphate. It gives a purple-red colour with calcium ions in alkaline solution.
Uses
It is used externally as dentrifice, as a dental cleaning polishing agent for most tooth paste and tooth powders. It is used as insecticides. Due to its fast action, calcium carbonate is used
as an antacid, as a calcium supplement in deficiency states; as a food additive. It is also used in the preparation of homoepathic medicine.
Desensitizers
The desensitizers tend to decrease hypersensitivity of the teeth. When applied to their outer surface, especially where erosion has occurred near the gum line, they reduce the senstivity
of the teeth to heat and cold. Inorganic compounds of desensitizers are Strontium Chloride and Zinc chloride
Zinc Eugenol Cement
Zinc Oxide Eugenol (ZOE) is material created by the combination of Zinc Oxide and eugenol contained in oil of cloves. An acid-base reaction takes place with the formation of zinc
eugenol chelate. The reaction is catalyzed by water.
Advantages :
- Dimensional stability
- Good surface
Disadvantages :
- Eugenol allergy in some patients.
- Cannot be used in very deep undercuts.
Composition:
- Liquid
- Eugenol (react with zinc oxide)
- Olive oil (plasticizer)
- Powder
- Zinc oxide (principal ingredient)
- Zinc stearate (accelerator, plasticizer)
- Zinc acetate (accelerator, improve strength)
- White rosin (to reduce brittleness of set cement)
Properties
It is the cement of low strength, low abrasive resistance, and low flow after setting, so it is used for temporary filling not be more then few days.
It has adhesive effect on exposed dentin. It is least irritating than other dental cements.
Uses
- For temporary fillings.
- Pulp-capping agents.
- Zinc oxide eugenol is used as an antimicrobial additive in paint.
- It is used as an impression material during construction of complete dentures and is used in the mucostatic technique of taking impressions.
Dental Products Very Short Answer Questions
Question. 1. Define Dentrifices?
Answer. A Dentirifice is a substance used with a tooth brush for the purpose of cleaning the accessible surface of the teeth.
Question.2.Define Dental Caries?
Answer. Dental caries is the medical term for tooth decay or cavities.
Question 3. What is the role of fluoride?
Answer. Fluoride removes the anticaries as it replaces the hydroxyl ion in hydroxyapatite with the fluoride ion which form fluoroapatite.
Question 4. Does the desensitizer increase or decrease the hypersensitivity of teeth?
Answer. Desensitizer tends to decrease the hypersensitivity of teeth.
Question.5.What is the molecular formula of Dicalcium Phosphate?
Answer.CaHPO4.
Question.6.Name any two inorganic compounds which are used as dental caries?
Answer.
Sodium monohydrogen phosphate
Sodium dihydrogen phosphate
Question 7.What is the another name of sodium metaphosphate?
Answer. Sodium metaphosphate is also known as Madrell’s salt.
Question 8.How is stannous fluoride prepared?
Answer. Stannous fluoride is prepared by heating stannous oxide with gaseous hydrofluoric acid in the absence of oxygen.
SnO + 2HF- ->SnF2 + H20
Question 9. How can dental caries be prevented?
Answer. Dental caries can be prevented by using dentrifices.
Question 10. Name the two inorganic fluoride compounds used in dental products?
Answer.
Sodium fluoride
Stannous fluoride
Dental Products Fill In The Blanks
1. Dentrifices are the compounds that are used for ……………
Answer: Cleaning teeth and. gums
2. The cleaning action of dentrifices depends on their……………….
Answer: Abrasives
3. To prevent dental caries tooth paste containing………………………… should be used.
Answer: Sodium fluoride
4. Soluble salts of phosphate are ……………………..
Answer: Sodium monohydrogen phosphate, Sodium dihydrogen phosphate
5. …………………….. is a medical term for tooth decay or cavities.
Answer: Dental earies
6. Cone, of fluoride in drinking water is…………………
Answer: 1.5–3.0 ppm
7. Stannous fluoride is prepared by heating………………with …………….. in the absence of oxygen.
Answer: Stannous oxide, hydrofluoric acid
8. Chemical formula of Sodium fluoride is ……………and Stannous fluoride is………………..
Answer: NaF and SnF2
9…………….. reduce the sensitivity of the teeth to heat and cold.
Answer: Dentrifices
10. Precipitated chalk is…………………………
Answer: Calcium carbonate
Dental Products Multiple Choice Questions
Question 1. Fluoride inhibits carries formation via
- Downward acid solubility of enamel
- Bacterial inhibition
- Both a) and b)
- None of these
Answer: Both a) and b)
Question 2. Hydroxyapatite is a mixture Ca2+ salt of
- CO3″
- P04′
- OH
- All of these
Answer: All of these
Question 3. Dental caries is a medical term of
- Cleaning action
- Polishing action
- Tooth decay or cavities
- None of these
Answer: Tooth decay or cavities
Question 4. Fluoride can be administrated either
- Orally
- Topically
- Both a) and b)
- None of these
Answer: Both a) and b)
Question 5. Sodium Metaphosphate is also known as
- Precipitated chalk
- MadrelTs salt
- Both a) and b)
- None of these
Answer: MadrelTs salt
Question 6. Desensitizers tend to
- Downward hypersensitivity of the teeth
- Upward hypersensitivity of the teeth
- Bacterial inhibition
- None of these
Answer: Downward hypersensitivity of the teeth
Question 7. Example of Desensitizer is
- Zinc chloride
- Sodium fluoride
- Stannous fluoride
- Calcium carbonate
Answer: Zinc chloride
Question 8. ‘Butter of Zinc’ is also known as
- Zinc chloride
- Zinc carbonate
- Zinc bicarbonate
- None of these
Answer: Zinc chloride
Question 9. Which vitamin is necessary for tooth formation?
- Vitamin A
- Vitamin C
- Vitamind D
- None of these
Answer: None of these
Question 10. Phosphate is used as .
- Cleansing agent
- Flossing agent
- Removing stains
- All of the above
Answer: Cleansing agent