CBSE Class 8 English Class 8 Chapter 8 Models
Remember
Modals are Auxiliaries. We use them to express our moods, manners, and attitudes.
Auxiliaries are of two kinds :
1. Principal Auxiliaries are :
to be, to have, and to do
Examples: am, is, are was, were
has, have had
do, does did
The Modal Auxiliaries
They do not change with the number or person of the subject. They cannot be used with the Continuous Tense.
Modals express the following :
- ability – can, could
- advice – had better, ought to, should
- certainty/intention – shall, will, would
- necessity – need to, must
- obligation -ought to, should
- permission – can, may
- willingness – shall, will, would
- habit – used to
- wish – may
Shall and Will
1. Uses of Shall: Denotes simple + active time in First Person.
Examples: I shall go.
I shall help her
Shall is used in the Second and Third Person to express: promise, command, threat and determination.
Examples: You shall receive a prize, (promise)
He shall go there, (command)
She shall be fined for lying,(threat)
They shall obey us, whether they like it or not. (determination)
2. Uses of Will : It is used in Second and Third Person to express :
Simple Future Tense :
Examples:
- He will go there.
- They will help her.
- Will he come today?
Will is used in First Person to express :
willingness, promise, threat, command and determination.
Examples:
I will do it. (determination)
I will help you. (promise)
I will expose her. (threat)
I will lend you my pen. (willingness)
Exercise-1
Fill in the blanks with shall or will
Question 1. I ____________be twenty next Wednesday.
Answer: Shall
Question 2. I___________ give you a blow if you abuse me.
Answer: will
Question 3. I__________ help her, come what may.
Answer: will
Question 4. I ________ never be late again.
Answer: Shall
Question 5. He__________ do as I bid him.
Answer: Shall
Question 6. You __________ obey my orders.
Answer: Shall
Question 7. They___________ come here tomorrow.
Answer: will
Question 8. They____________ be rewarded.
Answer: Shall
Question 9. We___________ never do such a thing again.
Answer: Shall
Question 10. You___________ be given the first prize.
Answer: will
Question 11. You _______ not do as you like.
Answer: Shall
Question 12. She________ be given a prize.
Answer: will
Question 13. He________ be punished for this.
Answer: Shall
Question 14. She___________ obey you, whether she likes it or not.
Answer: Shall
Question 15. You_____________ not move; I warn you.
Answer: Shall
Exercise – 2
Use can, could, be able to, to fill in the blanks with them
Remember
The above modals express ability and possibility.
Question 1. You____________ not enter the class as you are late.
Answer: can
Question 2. The new teacher___________ teach us how to make flowers from paper and cloth.
Answer: can
Question 3. We are____________ get information on many subjects from the Internet.
Answer: able to
Question 4. Hari ________ not buy a new computer today as all the shops were closed.
Answer: colud
Question 5. My mother _______ have forgotten to ring up her friend.
Answer: colud
Question 6. I ____________ go to a movie today.
Answer: can
Question 7. He was____________ to revise all his lessons for the test.
Answer: able to
Question 8. Father _________ have taken the house keys with him by mistake.
Answer: colud
Question 9. The skirt_________ be of a cheap quality.
Answer: colud
Question 10. He____________ have helped you to solve your problem.
Answer: colud
Modals must, have to, had to express necessity or compulsion. Have to suggests some external compulsion and must the speaker’s personal feelings.
Examples:
- I have to complete this work by the evening.
- You must see the new mall, it is beautiful.
Exercise-3
Complete the following sentences with must or have to
Question 1. You___________ show your passport at the gate before you can enter the airport.
Answer: must
Question 2. I ________see my dentist today, I have a terrible toothache.
Answer: must
Question 3. You ____________ go to the new restaurant that serves fabulous food.
Answer: should
Question 4. You will _________ pay a big fine if you don’t follow traffic laws.
Answer: have to
Question 5. I _________ go and meet my father, he is not keeping well.
Answer: should
Must does not have a past tense. But have to can be used in past tense as well as future tense.
Examples:
- I have to finish the exercise.
- I had to finish the exercise.
- I will have to finish the exercise.
Exercise-4
Answer the following questions with either have to, had to or will have to. One is done for you
Question 1. Did you pay a fine yesterday for wrong parking?
Answer: Yes, I had to pay Rs 300 as a fine.
Question 2. How long will you wait for her?
Answer: I will have to wait for her 30 minutes.
Question 3. Are you asked to stay back after school for rehearsals?
Answer: Yes, I have to stay back after school.
Question 4. Why have you come to the bank at this hour?
Answer: I have to withdraw money urgently.
Question 5. Why did he miss the concert yesterday?
Answer: He had to attend a familt function.
Question 6. Do I tip the waiter?
Answer: Yes, you have to tip the waiter
Question 7. Why did he cancel his trip to Agra?
Answer: He had to finish an important project.
Question 8. How do I pay the bill — in cash or by a cheque?
Answer: You have to pay in cash: cheques aren’t accepted
Question 9. How much did you pay for this dress?
Answer: I have to pay Rs 1,500 for it.
Question 10. How will I travel to Nainital?
Answer: You will have to take a bus or a taxi.
Should and Ought to are used to express duty, obligation or advice.
Examples:
- You ought to obey your parents, (duty)
- You should take regular exercise to reduce, (advice)
- You should help your poor friend, (obligation)
Note: Should is not so strong as must or have to.
- You have to park your car in the proper parking lot. (It is the law and has to be done.)
- You must park your car in the proper parking lot. (Necessary and I advise you to do so.)
- You should park your car in the proper parking lot. (Right thing to do)
Ought to — is used to express a moral duty.
Example: You ought to follow the traffic rules.
Exercise-5
A few situations are given below. What advice will you give? (Use must, should, ought to) :—
Question 1. A beggar asking you for money.
Answer: You should help if you can,but cautions
You Ought to consider giving food instead of money.
Question 2. A big boy bullying a small child.
Answer:
You must stop bullying immediately.
You should trat others with kindness.
Question 3. Two students whispering to each other in class.
Answer: You must pay attention to the teacher .
You should save your conversation for break time.
Question 4. To a policeman who has caught a thief.
Answer: To a police
You must take the theif to the police station.
You should handle the situation calmly.
Question 5. To a person trying to cross a railway line, when the gate has been closed at the crossing.
Answer: You must not cross now its dengerous!
You ought to wait until the gate opens.
Can, could, will, would and may are used to express requests.
Examples:
- Could I use your telephone please?
- Can I open the door now?
- Would you help him please?
- Will you help him?
May is the most polite form of making requests or asking for permission.
Example: May I come in, Sir?
Exercise -6
In the given situation how will you make a request?
Situation
Question 1. Help in solving a sum from a classmate.
Request___________
Answer: Could you please help me solve this sum?
Situation
Question 2. You need some information about trains.
Request____________
Answer: Can you give me some information about the trains?
Situation
Question 3. Want to be shown around a farm by the owner.
Request____________
Answer: Would you mind showing me around your farm?
Situation
Question 4. Ask for more time to finish your homework.
Request____________
Answer: May I have some more time to finish my homework?
Situation
Question 5. Permission to use your neighbour’s lawn mower.
Request___________
Answer: Can I use your lawn mower, please?
Note: You have to use can, could, will, would or may.
May is used to express a wish.
Example: May you live long!
An exclamation mark is used at the end of the sentence.
Exercise – 7
Use may as a wish in five sentences of your own.
Answer:
- May you have a joyful and successful life.
- May your dreams come true.
- May peace and happiness be with you always.
- May God bless you with good health.
- May your journey be safe and pleasant.
Modals as Questions
We use a Modal to begin a question which has a Yes or No answer.
Examples:
- Can I come with you to the movie?
Answer:- Yes/No, you can/you can’t.
- May I come in, Madam?
- Answer: Yes, you can.
No, you can’t - Could Meera look after the class in my absence?
- Would you like to read a storybook?
- Should we go out and play in this weather?
Exercise – 8
Use the following sentences to form appropriate questions. The first one has been done for you :—
Question 1. Please get me a cup of coffee.
Could you get me a cup of coffee?
Answer: Could you get me a cup of coffee?
Question 2. Father, I want to watch the match on the TV.
Father, may_______________
Answer: Father, may I watch the match on the TV?
Question 3. I would like to accompany you.
Would___________
Answer: Would you like me to accompany you?
Question 4. She doesn’t know who to approach for help.
Whom should____________
Answer: Whom should she approach for help?
Question 5. I do not know what to give her as a birthday present.
What shall____________
Answer: What shall I give her as a birthday present?
Question 6. I do not know where I am supposed to meet her.
Where should____________
Answer: Where should I meet her?
Question 7. I wish he wasn’t so rude to his juniors.
Why must he____________
Answer: Why must he be so rude to his juniors?
Question 8. Sir, I want a favour from you.
_________________
Answer: Sir, may I ask a favour of you?
Question 9. Peter was brave he liked to wander in the forest at night.
__________________
Answer: Why was Peter brave to wander in the forest at night?
Question 10. Please wait for ten minutes, I’ll be able to talk to you.
______________________
Answer: Could you please wait for ten minutes so I can talk to you?
Modals have both Positive and Negative Forms.
Special Note: may not, might not, ought not to, do not, have contracted forms.
Examples:
- We needn’t/need not wait for them any more.
- You shouldn’t scold your children so much.
- You ought not to blame your servant every time for every mishap.
- He wouldn’t play, though we tried our best to persuade him.
Exercise -9
Underline the correct word given in the brackets
Question 1. The bus (should/should have) arrive any minute now.
Answer: The bus should arrive any minute now.
Question 2. Mother (shouldn’t/couldn’t) be doing so much housework at her age.
Answer: Mother shouldn’t be doing so much housework at her age.
Question 3. Raman (would, wouldn’t) listen to his father’s advice and now he is without a job.
Answer: Raman wouldn’t listen to his father’s advice and now he is without a job.
Question 4. You (must, mustn’t) present your project by Saturday.
Answer: You must present your project by Saturday.
Question 5. Jack (ought to/ought not to) have spoken so rudely to his neighbour.
Answer: Jack ought not to have spoken so rudely to his neighbour.
Exercise – 10
Use Modals to ask questions on the following situations. One is done for you
Question 1. To ask for something.
Example: Can Seema come with me to the market, auntie?
Question 2. To make a suggestion.
Answer: Shall we go for a walk after dinner?
Question 3. To ask if something is necessary.
Answer: Must I bring my ID to enter the building?
Question 4. To offer.
Answer: Shall I help you with your homework?
Exercise – 11
Fill in the blanks with appropriate Modals :
Notice:
Library Clearance
All class XII students are here by informed that they ____________(1) get their library
clearance done by 2nd February, 2013. Students_______ (2)be required to deposit their library cards and _________(3)have to pay a fine if there is any delay. In case of any irregularity, they __________(4)not be allowed to appear for their board exams. Librarian.
Answer:
- must
- will
- may
- shall
Exercise -12
Choose the most suitable modal from the ones given in brackets.
You(1)_________[(1) might (2) may (3) will] rebel against domination at work by peoplein power and control. Some associates
(2)_____________ [(1) shall (2) will (3) could] hamper your progress. You(3)___________ [(1) shall (2) can (3) would] go beyond limitation and thinking personal relationships(4)___________________ [(1) might (2) will (3) can] be sensitive. You (5)____________[(1) should (2) will (3) shall] be courageous and bold and move ahead.
Answer:
- might
- could
- can
- might
- should