Class 8 English

CBSE Class 8 English Chapter 29 Some Useful Phrases And Idioms

1. You know what phrases are. We will learn the correct usage of some very expressive phrases.

Idioms

An idiom can be defined as a number of words which, when taken together, have a different meaning from the individual meanings of each word.

Examples:

1. be at large
2. do someone proud
3. be at daggers drawn

The second simply means that you make someone proud of you.

Be at dagger’s drawn: It means great enmity, but it is not very clear.

• Here in 2, the form is correct, meaning is also clear.
• In 1, the form is clear, but the meaning is unclear.
• In 3, the form is irregular, meaning unclear.

In English, many words are used in pairs to give emphasis; sometimes they are similar, as in safe and sound, sometimes they add emphasis by contrast, as in tooth and nail.

1. The two children arrived safe and sound at their homes.
2. The neighbours fought tooth and nail over a parking place in their colony.

2. Learn some interesting combinations.

1. Might and main – with all strength
2. In black and white – in writing
3. Spick and span – very neat
4. Wear and tear – damage sustained as a result of ordinary use
5. Hard and fast – strict rules
6. Hale and hearty – very healthy
7. Hue and cry – loud protest
8. Fits and starts – doing work in bits, not continuously
9. Odds and ends – miscellaneous things
10. First and foremost – the most important point
11. Heart and soul – put all your efforts in some work
12. By leaps and bounds – at great speed
13. Rank and file – from the highest to the lowest
14. Head and shoulders – much above others in qualities and abilities
15. Ways and means – methods used

Exercise 1

Now, fill in the blanks with the pairs given to you above:

Question 1. The roads in Delhi are so bad that even the best cars cannot stand up to the ________ of driving on them.

Answer: The roads in Delhi are so bad that even the best cars cannot stand up to the strain of driving on them.

Question 2. He tried to find _________ to get over the dilemma he was facing.

Answer: He tried to find a way to get over the dilemma he was facing.

Question 3. Ramesh studies in _______ and cannot do well in the coming Board Exams.

Answer: Ramesh studies in fits and starts and cannot do well in the coming Board Exams.

Question 4. Sachin Tendulkar stands ________ above all the present cricketers.

Answer: Sachin Tendulkar stands head and shoulders above all the present cricketers.

Question 5. He wanted the agreement to be in _______ before he signed the project.

Answer: He wanted the agreement to be in writing before he signed the project.

Question 6. He put his ______ in the project and soon completed it.

Answer: He put his heart and soul in the project and soon completed it.

Question 7. Nalini is very house-proud, everything in her house is _____.

Answer: Nalini is very house-proud, everything in her house is spick and span.

Question 8. Even at the ripe old age of eighty, he is _______ and suffers from no ailments.

Answer: Even at the ripe old age of eight,y he is hale and hearty and suffers from no ailments.

Question 9. There was a great ________ raised by the opposition parties over the alarming rise in petroleum prices.

Answer: There was a great uproar raised by the opposition parties over the alarming rise in petroleum prices.

Question 10. Our _____ duty is to observe law and order in the country.

Answer: Our paramount duty is to observe law and order in the country.

Question 11. India has made progress by ________ in the communication sector.

Answer: India has made progress by leaps and bounds in the communication sector.

Question 12. There are no _______ to subdue the Rajputs.

Answer: There is no hard and fast to subdue the Rajputs.

Question 13. Akbar used all his ________ to subdue the Rajputs.

Answer: Akbar used all his might to subdue the Rajputs.

Question 14. The General was supported by ______ in achieving his aims.

Answer: The General was supported by hook or by crook in achieving his aims.

Question 15. Though he had completed his task, there were some ______ to be looked into.

Answer: Though he had completed his task, there were some loose ends to be looked into.

Exercise 2

Match the following idiomatic expressions with their meanings. One is done for you:

Answer:

Exercise 3

Here are some phrasal expressions. Match them with their meanings. (Take the help of the dictionary):

Answer:

Exercise 4

Explain briefly the following idiomatic expressions in the space given:

Question 1. Call off ____________

Answer: Call off

Meaning: To cancel an event or activity.

Example: “They called off the meeting due to bad weather.”

Question 2. To face the music ____________

Answer: To face the music

Meaning: To accept the consequences of one’s actions.

Example: “After failing the exam, he had to face the music at home.”

Question 3. To fight shy of ____________

Answer: To fight shy of

Meaning: To avoid or be reluctant to do something.

Example: “She fights shy of public speaking.”

Question 4. Call upon ____________

Answer: Call upon

Meaning: To formally ask someone to do something.

Example: “The teacher called upon the students to answer.”

Question 5. Pull through ____________

Answer: Pull through

Meaning: To recover from illness or overcome a difficult situation.

Example: “With proper care, he pulled through the illness.”

Question 6. To go to the dogs ____________

Answer: To go to the dogs

Meaning: To deteriorate or decline in quality.

Example: “The old park has gone to the dogs.”

Question 7. Fair-weather friends ____________

Answer: A fair-weather friend

Meaning: Someone who is only a friend in good times.

Example: “He disappeared when I needed help—a true fair-weather friend.”

Question 8. Too keep one’s fingers crossed ____________

Answer: To keep one’s fingers crossed

Meaning: To hope for good luck or success.

Example: “I’m keeping my fingers crossed for your interview.”

Question 9. Hold back ____________

Answer: Hold back

Meaning: To restrain or hesitate to act.

Example: “She held back her tears during the speech.”

Question 10. Tell upon ____________

Answer: Tell upon

Meaning: To have a noticeable effect (usually negative).

Example: “Stress began to tell upon his health.”

2. Learn Some More Useful Phrases And Idiomatic Expressions

1. Bad blood – unfriendliness or enmity between two people or families
2. Bad news travels fast– bad news spreads more quickly than good news
3. Come to a bad end – said about someone who leads an unhealthy life, and faces disgrace
4. Big deal – (terrific!) great! said when one is not impressed
5. A big mouth – someone who boasts, exaggerates
6. In a big way – on a large scale
7. A dead end – a road that doesn’t lead anywhere. A stage where no further progress can be made
8. Dead silence – a total, unbroken silence
9. Over my dead body – said when the speaker is very much against something
10. Good for nothing – lazy, unreliable, having no good qualities
11. Good riddance! – feeling of relief when one gets rid of an unpleasant person or something unwanted
12. Hard to please – a person who is very critical, has a very high standard
13. hard of hearing – partly deaf
14. A hard nut to crack- a difficult problem to overcome
15. High and dry – abandoned, ignored, isolated
16. In high places – friends or people in top-level positions
17. It’s high time – when something must be done without more delay
18. In the long run – over a long period
19. The long and short of it – essential facts of a matter
20. A chip off / of the old block – son or daughter who is very much like his or her father in character, in temperament
21. An old hand – someone with a lot of experience
22. A shortcut – qa uicker or easier way of going somewhere or doing things
23. A short notice – with little warning
24. As thick as thieves – very friendly, sharing same interests
25. Through thick and thin– through good times and difficult times
26. Vanish into the air– disappear without trace
27. At the end of one’s tether– a position where no more patience is left
28. At a loose end – having nothing to do
29. Make both ends meet– somehow manage with the meagre money one has
30. Sign on the dotted line – agree to do something without any conditions
31. Read between the lines – understand or sense more than the actual words
32. No laughing matter – something very serious
33. A matter of time – bound to happen, sooner or later
34. To give someone a piece of one’s mind – to scold or reprimand someone
35. Make up one’s mind – take a decision
36. Out of sight, out of mind – people or things that cannot be seen or are far away, are soon forgotten
37. Go one’s own way – act independently
38. In a word – briefly
39. Word for word – literally
40. Out of this world – wonderful
41. On top of the world – very happy
42. All and sundry – everybody
43. Believe it or not – it is true, whether you believe or you disbelieve it
44. Cut it out! – stop it!
45. Play it by the ear – act according to the situation
46. Like it or lump it – whether you like it or not, accept the situation
47. Rub it in – continue to emphasise something
48. Run for it – run fast to get out of danger
49. Too good to be true – so good, one can hardly believe it
50. A blessing in disguise – a mishap that turns out to be fortunate in the end
51. Child’s play – easy task
52. A drop in the ocean – a small amount
53. A jack of all trades – a person capable of doing many things but not great expert in anything.
54. At a stone’s throw – very near, at a short distance
55. A hole and comer business – very secretive, dishonest dealing
56. A wet blanket – a person who spoils a jolly atmosphere

3. Idiomatic Pairs

Learn about some common pairs in English language.

1. Alive and kicking – well and active
2. Bom and bred – bom and brought up
3. Cut and dried– settled, decided
4. Fair and square – in a fair way
5. Rough and ready – only approximate, not exact
6. Short and sweet – without unnecessary details
7. Sick and tired – thoroughly bored or annoyed
8. Give and take – compromise
9. By hook or by crook – by any method, fair or unfair
10. Lock, stock, and barrel – everything, every item
11. Without rhyme or reason – illogical, not making sense
12. Part and parcel – part of something
13. Aches and pains – health complaints
14. Hammer and tongs – argue, quarrel loudly
15. Ifs and buts – excuses
16. The ins and outs – intricate details, difficult to explain
17. Man to man – openly and sincerely
18. Stuff and nonsense – foolish talk, ideas
19. Touch and go – critical, close to both success and failure
20. As and when – whenever
21. Far and wide – everywhere
22. By and large – taken as a whole
23. More or less – roughly, practically
24. To and fro – one way and then the other, up and down
25. Up and about – recovered, in good health
26. Loud and clear – very clearly
27. Chop and change – change one’s mind, opinions, plans
28. Do or die – make the greatest effort or fail
29. Forgive and forget – be reconciled, forget enmity
30. Wait and watch – wait patiently
31. Through and through – thoroughly, completely
32. On and on – continue without stopping
33. By and by – in the course of time
34. Toss and turn – sleep restlessly, because of worry
35. Over and over – repeatedly
36. Blow by blow – to give an account of something, including all the details, events in order
37. Live and let live – to be tolerant towards others
38. Again and again – repeatedly
39. From door to door – going to all the houses in the streets
40. Round and round – moving in circles, spinning
41. Hit and miss – not exact, random, sometimes good and sometimes bad
42. Pick and choose – to take time and trouble to choose very selectively
43. Sink or swim – survive or face
44. Little by little – gradually, at a slow rate
45. Step by step – one step at a time, slowly

Exercise 5

Study the idioms in the box, then complete the sentences given below correctly:

Question 1. They all disliked their new neighbour who had caused _____ between the two communities living peacefully in the village.

Answer: They all disliked their new neighbour who had caused bad blood between the two communities living peacefully in the village.

Question 2. The old sarpanch was _____ in dealing with property disputes and soon settled the mattter.

Answer: The old sarpanch was an old hand in dealing with property disputes and soon settled the mattter.

Question 3. Ramesh stood by his friend ______ and was always there to help.

Answer: Ramesh stood by his friend through thick and thin and was always there to help.

Question 4. The announcement that there will be a further rise in petrol prices was received by the workers in ____________.

Answer: The announcement that there will be a further rise in petrol prices was received by the workers in dead silence.

Question 5. He left his family _______ on the road to face the problem of a broken axle, and left for his office in a taxi.

Answer: He left his family high and dry on the road to face the problem of a broken axle, and left for his office in a taxi.

Question 6. He thought it was a _______ to win awards in competition.

Answer: He thought it was a child’s play to win awards in competition.

Question 7. To their utter surprise, it was their ________ son who won fame in the field of sports.

Answer: To their utter surprise, it was their good for nothing son who won fame in the field of sports.

Question 8. The people are really terrified by the experiment to be made on 11th September, it’s ______ for them.

Answer: The people are really terrified by the experiment to be made on 11th September, it’s no laughing matter for them.

Question 9. He replied briefly, in fact ______which meant “Leave.”

Answer: He replied briefly, in fact in a word which meant “Leave.”

Question 10. “Do not panic, Rani, watch the audience, just _______ and you will succeed,” said the director of the play.

Answer: “Do not panic, Rani, watch the audience, just play it by ear and you will succeed,” said the director of the play.

Exercise 6

Fill in the blanks with a single word for each of the following words given in brackets. take the help of the words in the box.

Question 1. The _____ were small and he was unhappy (the money workmen get for work)

Answer: The wages were small, and he was unhappy (the money workmen get for work)

Question 2. An _______ of plague broke out in the town after the earthquake (a disease which is widespread at the same time, same place among many people)

Answer: An epidemic of plague broke out in the town after the earthquake (a disease which is widespread at the same time, same place among many people)

Question 3. He never made the mistake of underrating his _______ and was successful in beating them in every game (persons against whom one fights, struggles, plays games, or argues)

Answer: He never made the mistake of underrating his opponents and was successful in beating them in every game (persons against whom one fights, struggles, plays games, or argues)

Question 4. After a long ________, the bill was passed by the Lok Sabha. (discussion at a public meeting or in parliament)

Answer: After a long debate, the bill was passed by the Lok Sabha. (discussion at a public meeting or in parliament)

Question 5. India has made great progress in the last _______ (a period of ten years)

Answer: India has made great progress in the last decade (a period of ten years)

Exercise 7

Make your own sentences of the following expressions :

Question 1. On And On

Answer: On And On – The Speaker Kept Talking On And On Without Taking A Break.

Question 2. By And by

Answer: By And By – By And By, She Began To Understand The True Meaning Of Friendship.

Question 3. Up And About

Answer: Up And About – After A Week Of Illness, He Was Finally Up And About Again.

Question 4. More Or Less

Answer: More Or Less – I’ve Finished My Homework, More Or Less.

Question 5. Touch And Go

Answer: Touch And Go – It Was Touch And Go Whether The Patient Would Survive The Night.

CBSE Class 8 English Chapter 21 Relative Clauses

1. A Relative Clause describes a noun in the main clause. It is introduced by words like who, which, that, whose, whom, and where. It is, in fact, an Adjective clause. In the sentence — This is the boy who won the first prize tell us, ‘which boy’?

We use who to describe people and which and that to describe all nouns except people.

Examples:

1. This is the fort that Shah Jahan built.

(Here, that Shah Jahan’s built tells us more about the noun ‘fort’).

2. This is the book that you wanted.

(Which you wanted describes the noun book.)

3. Special Use of That: That can be used for whom also.

The boy who stood last in class is my nephew.

There are special cases where we have to use that.

1. We use that after Adjectives in the Superlative degree.

Examples:

1. He is the cruelest person that I have ever met.
2. This is the dullest book that I have ever read.

2. We use that after the words, all, any, anything, none, nothing, everything, etc.

Examples:

1. She disapproved of everything that I did.
2. I was sorry for all that I did to annoy her.

3. That is used when we refer to both a person and a thing.

The man and the car that were flashed on the TV screen revealed the identity of the culprit.

Exercise 1

Tick (V) the right word in the box to complete the

Question 1. He is neglecting the important work that was/which was given to him.
Answer: That was ✓

Question 2. The police are questioning the driver who was/that was driving the blue line bus involved in the accident.
Answer: Who was ✓

Question 3. This is the most complicated case/that I have been asked to solve.
Answer: That ✓

Question 4. The scooter, which/was found abandoned on the road, belonged to a noted criminal.
Answer: That was ✓

Question 5. He distrusts people/who flatter him.
Answer: Who ✓

Question 6. I was the boy who/instigated your son to steal.
Answer: Who ✓

Question 7. I am looking for a worker/whom I can depend on.
Answer: That ✓

Question 8. J.R.D. Tata was the most effective chairman that/we ever had.
Answer: That ✓

Question 9. This is the famous beach/that we visited last year.
Answer: That ✓

Question 10. The architect who/designed this building is now working in Dubai.
Answer: Who ✓

Examples:

She joined a new Company whose management was very incompetent
(Noun)

He gave the dog to Mr Smith, whose pet it was.
(Noun) (Noun)

1. Whose is used mostly for people, and it is used in place of his/her/theirs.
2. Who is the objective form of who? It is used in place of him/her/their; as, The man whom we asked for directions misguided us.
3. In spoken English, who is not used much; that is preferred; as, The man, whom we asked for directions, misguided us.
4. Whom can be used with a preposition: to whom or with whom; as, The boy with whom she went to the theatre left her alone on the road.
   The boy to whom she lent her notes refused to return them.
5. In a relative clause where is used to talk about a place. It is used in place of there.

Examples:

1. The village where I was born is somewhere in Pakistan now.
2. I want to go to a hotel where we can get a good meal.

Exercise 2

Join the sentences under Column A with those under Column B, by changing B into a relative clause using whom, whose and where. One is done for you:—

At Manali, we stayed at a hotel where a golf course was right behind it.

They liked the commentator whose commentary was full of humour.

The boys were talking to the actor whom they had met earlier.

The public booed the man whose poor performance had brought disgrace to the country.

Can you tell us about a decent hotel where we can order a meal for ten people?

The old lady with thick glasses, whom we met at the museum, was a famous archaeologist.

He is the unfortunate artist whose entire work was destroyed by miscreants.

5. Defining and Non-defining Relative Clauses.

Study the following sentences carefully.

1. This is the boy whose parents were killed in a car accident.
2. I live in Ludhiana, which is famous for its woollen industry.

In the above two sentences, the relative clause tells us which person or thing, or what kind of person or thing, the speaker means.

1. “Whose parents were killed in an accident?” tells us “which boy?”
2. “Which is famous for its woollen industry,” tell us more about Ludhiana.
3. This kind of relative clause is called a defining clause.
4. We visited Bengaluru, which we liked very much.
5. I was embarrassed by my son, whose constant crying upset the party.

In the above two sentences, the relative clause does not identify the person or thing.

We already know which place (Bengaluru) or person (my son) is meant. This kind of relative clause is called a non-defining clause. It gives us extra information about a person or thing.

We use a comma (, ) with a non-defining clause and not with a defining clause.

Examples: (i) I met a lady who can speak five languages, (defining clause)

My mother, who can speak five languages, spoke in French at the meeting (non-defining clause)

In defining clauses, we can use that in place of who or which.

Examples:

1. This is the place / that Jack built.
2. This is the sportsman who / holds the world record in swimming.

3. But in non-defining clauses, we cannot use that.

Examples:

1. He borrowed my book, which he never returned.
2. This is my friend Amita, who loves to read novels.

4. In defining clauses, we can leave out who / which / that when it is the object.

Examples:

1. We want a person whom we can trust.
2. The house (which he recommended had no electricity.

(We can drop who / which in these sentences)

5. In a non-defining clause, we cannot leave out who / which.

Examples:

1. We recommended the Carlton Hotel, which served excellent food.
2. (We cannot write: We recommended the Carlton Hotel served excellent food.)
3. We tried Harish, whom we could trust.
4. We cannot write: We tried Harish, we could trust.

Exercise 3

Combine the following sentences into one by converting one of them into a relative clause. In some, you can leave out who/which/that. Put commas whenever it is a non-defining relative clause

Question 1. This was my decision. I regret it to this day
Answer: This was my decision, which I regret to this day.

Question 2. My daughter has completed one course of
antibiotics. It has not helped her at all.
Answer: My daughter has completed one course of antibiotics, which has not helped her at all.

Question 3. The police interrogated the servant. My daughter had identified him
Answer: The police interrogated the servant whom my daughter had identified.

Question 4. This is the diamond necklace. My wife wants it.
Answer: This is the diamond necklace (that my wife wants.

Question 5. Mr Gupta is our social science teacher. He can hold us spellbound with his stories
Answer: Mr Gupta, who can hold us spellbound with his stories, is our social science teacher.

Question 6. This is the pen. I lost it last week.
Answer: This is the pen (that I lost last week.

Question 7. The Beastly Tales is written by Vikram Seth. It is one of my favourite books.
Answer: The Beastly Tales, which is one of my favourite books, is written by Vikram Seth.

Question 8. She is the girl. I went to her house yesterday.
Answer: She is the girl (whom I went to her house yesterday.

Question 9. I talked to the Home Minister about their case. He promised to take serious action.
Answer: I talked to the Home Minister, who promised to take serious action about their case.

Question 10. I gave you a big loan last year. What have you done with it?
Answer: I gave you a big loan last year. What have you done with it?

CBSE Class 8 English Chapter 20 Adverb Clauses

An Adverb Clause in a Complex Sentence does the work of an Adverb. Adverb Clauses are of many kinds.

1. Time
2. Place
3. Purpose
4. Reason
5. Condition
6. Result
7. Comparison
8. Supposition or C

Adverb Clauses Of Time

Adverb Clauses of Time are introduced by the Subordinating Conjunctions when, whenever, while, before, after, till, since, as, etc.

Examples:

1. When the cat is away, the mice will play.
2. He flatters her whenever he meets her.
3. Do not talk while you are eating.
4. Before you go, bring me a cup of water.
5. I will meet you after the meeting is over.
6. Wait till I return.
7. I have been ill since I returned from Pune.
8. As I came out, my mother met me.
9. As soon as she heard the news, she began to cry.
10. Just as he entered the room, the clock struck twelve.
11. No sooner did he see us than he disappeared.

Adverb Clauses Of Place

Adverb Clauses of Place are introduced by the Subordinating Conjunctions where, wherever, whence, whither, etc.

Examples:

1. I have put the book where no one can find it.
2. He fled where no one could find him.
3. I make friends wherever I go.
4. You can stay whenever you like.
5. Go quickly, whence you came.
6. The wind bloweth whither it listeth.

3. Adverb Clauses Of Purpose

Adverb Clauses of Purpose are introduced by the Subordinating Conjunctions that and lest.

Examples :

1. We eat that we may live.
2. They worked hard so that they might become rich.
3. He drew the sword that he might defend himself.
4. He walked slowly lest he should fall.
5. She ate little lest she should fall ill.
6. Write down lest you forget all about the new terms.

4. Adverb Clauses Of Cause Or Reason

Adverb Clauses of Cause or Reason are introduced by the Subordinating Conjunctions because, as, that, since.

Examples:

1. I shall help her because I like her.
2. I could not come yesterday because I was ill.
3. He thinks that, because he is rich, he can buy justice.
4. As he was not there, I spoke to his wife.
5. As he was guilty, I punished him.
6. I am glad that you do not like it.
7. Since you are my friend, I shall help you.
8. Since you promise to serve me faithfully, I will make you my assistant.

5. Adverb Clauses Of Condition

Adverb Clauses of Condition are introduced by the Subordinating Conjunctions if, whether, and unless.

Examples:

1. If it rains, we shall not play.
2. If you eat too much, you will be ill.
3. If you tell me the truth, I will forgive you.
4. You must help her whether you like her or not.
5. He will not pass whether he works or not.
6. Unless he works harder, he will fail.
7. I will forgive you on the condition that you admit your guilt.

6. Adverb Clauses Of Result

Adverb Clauses of Result are introduced by the Subordinating Conjunction that. Usually, so or such precedes it in the Principal Clause.

Examples:

1. He is so old that he can hardly work.
2. She is so a kind woman that all loves her.
3. The news is so good that it cannot be true.
4. They made such a noise that I could not work.
5. He is such a good man that all respects him.
6. She spoke in such a low voice that very few could hear her.
7. So good a man is he that all respect him.
8. So terrible a disease broke out that very few people were left alive.
9. So bravely did they fight that the enemies had to retreat.

7. Adverb Clauses Of Comparison

Adverb Clauses of Comparison are of two kinds:—

1. Adverb Clauses of Comparison of Degree.
2. Adverb Clauses of Comparison of Manner.

(1) Adverb Clauses of Comparison of Degree are introduced by the Subordinating Conjunction than, or by the Relative Adverb

Examples:

1. She is younger than she looks.
2. He works harder than I do.
3. He is as foolish as he is lazy
4. He is not as wise as you think.

2. Adverb Clauses of Comparison of Manner are introduced by the Relative Adverb as, as,

Examples:

1. She does as she pleases.
2. As you sow, so shall you reap.
3. As you have made your bed, so you must lie on it.
4. It all ended as we expected.
5. Adverb Clauses Of Supposition Or Contrast

Adverb Clauses of Supposition or Contrast are introduced by the Subordinating Conjunctions though, although, even if, as,

Examples:

1. Though he is poor, he is honest.
2. Though He slay me, yet I will trust Him.
3. Although he was ill, he attended the meeting.
4. Even if it rains, we shall go to the movie.
5. Even if he is old, he can do a lot of work.
6. Although they fought bravely, they were defeated.
7. Even if you fail, you will be promoted.

Exercise 1

Underline the Adverb Clauses in the following sentences, and say what kind each is

Question 1. We work so that we may pass.___________
Answer: That We May Pass- Adverb Clause Of Purpose

Question 2. He is wiser than I am.___________
Answer: Then I Am -Adverb Clause Of Comparison

Question 3. Even if it rains, I shall come.___________
Answer: Even If It Rains- Adverb Clause Of Condition

Question 4. Though she is rich, she is not happy. ___________
Answer: Though She Is Rich- Adverb Clause Of Concession

Question 5. Although he failed, he was promoted.___________
Answer: Although He Failed- Adverb Clause Of Concession

Question 6. So good a woman is she that all respect her.___________
Answer: That All Respect Her- Adverb Clause Of Result

Question 7. He talked in such a way that all followed him.___________
Answer: In Such A Way That All Followed Him. -Adverb Clause Of Manner/Result

Question 8. If you have tears, prepare to shed them now.___________
Answer: If You Have Tears – Adverb Clause Of Condition

Question 9. Unless you work harder, you will fail.____________
Answer: Unless You Work Harder- Adverb Clause Of Condition

Question 10. You must go there whether you like it or not.___________
Answer: Whether You Like It Or Not.- Adverb Clause Of Concession/Condition

Question 11. He was very pleased that you had passed.___________
Answer: That You Had Passed. – Adverb Clause Of Reason/Result

Question 12. Because I like her, I shall help her.___________
Answer: Because I Like Her- Adverb Clause Of Reason

Question 13. Since you are intelligent, you will pass easily.___________
Answer: Since You Are intelligent, an adverb Clause Of Reason

Question 14. As he was ill, he could not come to school.___________
Answer: As He Was Ill- Adverb Clause Of Reason

Question 15. They worked hard so that they might pass the examination.___________
Answer: That They Might Pass The Examination. – Adverb Clause Of Purpose

Exercise 2

Add a suitable Adverb Clause to each of the following

Question 1. _________ He is honest
Answer: Because he works hard

Question 2. Stop________
Answer: Before it gets dark.

Question 3. He Does_______
Answer: As he is told.

Question 4. He spoke________
Answer: As if he knew everything.

Question 5. I Awarded________
Answer: Whoever performed best.

Question 6. __________ you miss the train
Answer: If you don’t hurry

Question 7. ___________ Is he honest
Answer: Although he is poor

Question 8. Nobody trusts him_________
Answer: Because he lies often.

Question 9. He fled __________
Answer: When he saw the police.

Question 10. He failed______
Answer: Although he tried his best.

Question 11. The sun set_______
Answer: While we were still hiking.

Question 12. Wait here________
Answer: Until I return.

Question 13. I shall ___________
Answer: Go wherever you go.

Question 14. You may do _________
Answer: Whatever you like.

Question 15. He was so tired__________
Answer: That he fell asleep immediately.

CBSE Class 8 English Chapter 19 Adjective Clauses

1. An Adjective Clause in a Complex Sentence does the work of an Adjective, and so it qualifies some Noun or Pronoun in the Principal Clause.

2. An Adjective Clause is introduced by a Relative Pronoun or Relative Adverb; as,

Examples :

1. This is the boy who won the first prize.
2. This is the book that I found.
3. This is the house that John built.
4. The boy who stole your book has been caught.
5. The time when the train leaves is not known.
6. This is the house where he was born.
7. Those who work hard succeed.
8. The reason why he told a lie is not known.
9. Where is the boy whom you punished?

3. But the Relative Pronoun or Relative Adverb is sometimes understood, and not expressed.

1. Eat all you can.[Here, the Relative Pronoun is understood.]
2. Where is the book I gave you?[Here, the Relative Pronoun is understood.]
3. I met a man I know.[Here, the Relative Pronoun whom is understood.]
4. On the day you pass the examination, I shall give you a prize.
   [Here, the Relative Adverb when is understood.]

5. The reason I have come is to ask for my money. [Here, the Relative Adverb why is understood.]

Exercise -1

Underline the Adjective Clauses in the following sentences

Question 1. God helps those who help themselves.
Answer: Those who help themselves

Question 2. This is the house where she lived.
Answer: Where she lived.

Question 3. This is the boy who stood first in the examination.
Answer: Who stood first in the examination?

Question 4. Here is the book you want.
Answer: you want.

Question 5. He is not the man I can trust
Answer: I can trust.

Question 6. I remember the house where I was born.
Answer: Where I was born.

Question 7. I am the monarch of all I survey.
Answer: I survey.

Question 8. He that climbs too high is sure to fall.
Answer: That climbs too high

Question 9. The story he tells is untrue.
Answer: He tells

Question 10. They never fail who die in a great cause.
Answer: Those who die in a great cause.

Question 11. The house that she lives in belongs to her father.
Answer: That she lives in

Question 12. All that glitters is not gold.
Answer: That glitters

Question 13. He laughs best who laughs last.
Answer: Who laughs last

Question 14. He gave her everything she asked for.
Answer: She asked for.

Question 15. He story he tells is untrue
Answer: That is down

Exercise -2

Fill in the blanks with suitable Adjective Clauses :

Question 1. I know the place __________
Answer: where she was born.

Question 2. He is the man__________
Answer: Who helped me?

Question 3. I want back the book__________
Answer: that I lent you.

Question 4. He never fails__________
Answer: Who works hard?

Question 5. Here is the book __________
Answer: which you were looking for.

Question 6. God helps those__________
Answer: Those who help themselves.

Question 7. Blessed is he__________
Answer: Who trusts in the Lord.

Question 8. He tells a tale__________
Answer: That is hard to believe.

Question 9. This is the girl __________
Answer: Who sang beautifully?

Question 10. I met a girl__________
Answer: Who knows you well?

CBSE Class 8 English Chapter 18 Noun Clauses

1. We have already learnt that a Subordinate Clause that does the work of a Noun in a sentence is called a Noun Clause.

2. Since a Noun Clause does the work of a Noun in a Complex Sentence, it can be—

1. The Subject of a Verb.
2. The Object of a Verb.
3. The Object of a Preposition.
4. The Complement of a Verb of Incomplete Predication.
5. In Apposition to a Noun or a Pronoun.

In each of the following Complex Sentences, the Noun Clause is the Subject of a Verb, as,

Examples:

1. What she says is quite true.
2. That he is an honest man is quite clear.
3. When he will return is not known.
4. Why she left is a mystery.
5. How he will help us remains to be seen.

3. In each of the following Complex Sentences, the Noun Clause is the Object ofa Verb, as,

Examples:

1. I do not know when she will return.
2. He spends whatever he earns.
3. Tell me where you live.
4. No one knows how old she is.
5. I believe that he has told a lie.
6. Tell me why you told a lie.

4. In each of the following Complex Sentences, the Noun Clause is the Object of a Preposition, as,

Examples :

1. Pay careful attention to what he says.
2. He was greatly pleased with what I did.
3. It all depends on how it is done.
4. I do not believe in what she says.

5. In each of the following Complex Sentences, the Noun Clause is used as the Complement of a Verb of Incomplete Predication, as,

Examples :

1. She fears that she may fail.
2. This is what she feared most.
3. Life is what we make it.
4. He believes that ghosts can talk
5. My wish is that I may serve you.

6. In each of the following Complex Sentences, the Noun Clause is in Apposition to a Noun or a Pronoun (it), as,

Examples:

1. My hope that you may pass is very strong.
2. The report that he was killed is untrue.
3. Your statement that he loves money is false.
4. It was unfortunate that she was absent.
5. Strangely, she should think so.
6. This is what she feared most.
7. He believes that ghosts can talk.
8. It is feared that he will not help us.
9. She was innocent.

A Noun Clause is generally introduced by the Conjunction that. Sometimes, however, the Conjunction is omitted; as, He says (that) Peter is ill today.

Exercise -1

Underline the Noun Clause in each of the following sentences and say how it is used

Question 1. There is no meaning in what she says.________
Answer:

Noun Clause: what she says
Use: Object of the preposition “in”

Question 2. I do not know where you can find her.________
Answer:

Noun Clause: where you can find her
Use: Object of the verb “know”

Question 3. It is not known who has stolen your book. ________
Answer:

Noun Clause: who has stolen your book
Use: Real subject (formal subject is “It”)

Question 4. That she should think so surprises me.________
Answer:

Noun Clause: That she should think so
Use: Subject of the verb “surprises”

Question 5. She fears that the secret of her birth may be out.v
Answer:

Noun Clause: that the secret of her birth may be out
Use: Complement of the verb “is”

Question 6. That he loves her is known to all. ________
Answer:

Noun Clause: That he loves her
Use: Subject of the verb “is known”

Question 7. I have no faith in what she says.________
Answer:

Noun Clause: what she says
Use: Object of the preposition “in”

Question 8. He asked me whether my father was at home.________
Answer:

Noun Clause: whether my father was at home
Use: Object of the verb “asked”

Question 9. I think you have made a mistake.________
Answer:

Noun Clause: You have made a mistake
Use: Object of the verb “think”

Question 10. The truth is that we have been deceived.________
Answer:

Noun Clause: that we have been deceived
Use: Complement of the verb “is”

Question 11. The news that he has failed is untrue.________
Answer:

Noun Clause: that he has failed
Use: Modifier (restrictive clause modifying “news”, often considered an appositive noun clause)

Question 12. That he will pass this year is uncertain.________
Answer:

Noun Clause: That he will pass this year
Use: Subject of the verb “is”

Exercise 2

Complete the following by adding suitable Noun Clauses

Question 1. Tell him________
Answer: what you want.

Question 2. It is certain________
Answer: that she will succeed.

Question 3. He was pleased with________
Answer: What you gave him.

Question 4. I think________
Answer: You are right.

Question 5. She told us________
Answer: Where the keys were hidden.

Question 6. I fear________
Answer: that we might be late.

Question 7. He replied________
Answer: that he knew nothing.

Question 8. All thought________
Answer: The plan would fail.

Question 9. No one knows________
Answer: Why did he disappear?

Question 10. He knew________
Answer: How to solve the problem.

Question 11. Can you guess________
Answer: Who sent this letter?

Question 12. Do you know________
Answer: When does the train arrive?

Question 13. Will you tell me________
Answer: What happened yesterday?

Question 14. ________is quite certain
Answer: That hard work pays off

Question 15.________ surprises me
Answer: What she said

CBSE Class 8 English Chapter 17 Sentences – Simple, Compound, Complex

1. Examine the following sentence:—

Raman won the first prize in English.

The sentence contains only one Subject, Raman, and one Finite Verb, won. Such a sentence as this, which has only one Subject and one Finite Verb, is called a Simple Sentence.

A Simple Sentence has only one Subject and one Finite Verb.

2. Examine the following sentences —

1. The way was long and the night was dark.
2. He went to the window and looked out, but saw nobody.

The first sentence consists of two parts —

1. The way was long.
2. The night was dark.

3. These two parts are joined together by the coordinating conjunction and. Each part is a Clause, because each part has a Subject and a Predicate of its own, and each part is a sentence which is a part of a larger sentence.

We further notice that each Clause makes good sense by itself, and hence can stand alone as a complete sentence.

Each Clause is, therefore, independent of the other, or the same order or rank. Such a clause is called a Co-ordinate Clause. Such a sentence as the first, which is made up of clauses of equal rank, is called a Compound Sentence.

The second sentence is also a Compound Sentence. It is made up of three clauses of equal rank, viz.:

1. He went to the window.
2. (He) looked out.
3. (He) saw nobody.

A Compound Sentence is made up of two or more coordinate clauses

The term Double is now used for a sentence that is made up of two coordinate clauses. Multiple is used for a sentence consisting of more than two coordinate clauses.

4. Examine the following sentence —

I do not know where he lives.
This sentence consists of two parts —

1. I do not know.
2. Where he lives

Each part has a subject and a predictor of its own, which form part of a larger sentence. Each part is, therefore, a Clause.

We further notice that the Clause, I do not blow, makes good sense by itself and can, therefore, stand alone as a complete sentence. Such a Clause is called the Principal or Main Clause.

But the Clause, where he lives, does not make good sense by itself and cannot stand alone.

It is dependent for its full meaning upon the Principal Clause, I do not know. It is, therefore, called a Dependent or Subordinate Clause.

Such a sentence as this, which is made up of one Principal Clause and one or more Subordinate Clauses, is called a Complex Sentence.

A Complex Sentence is made up of one Principal Clause and one or more Subordinate Clauses.

Exercise 1

Say which of the following sentences are Compound, and which are Complex? Also, underline the Clause in each case

Question 1. God helps those who help themselves.
Answer:

Type: Complex
Clause: those who help themselves

Question 2. Walk quickly, or you will miss the train.
Answer:

Type: Compound
Clauses: Walk quickly, you will miss the train

Question 3. I know where he has gone.
Answer:

Type: Complex
Clause: where he has gone

Question 4. They rested when the night came.
Answer:

Type: Complex
Clause: When the night came

Question 5. I know a place where wild roses grow.
Answer:

Type: Complex
Clause: where wild roses grow

Question 6. Work hard and you will pass.
Answer:

Type: Compound
Clauses: Work hard, and you will pass

Question 7. Men may come, and men may go, but I go on forever.
Answer:

Type: Compound
Clauses: Men may come, men may go, I go on forever

Question 8. Come tomorrow and get your money.
Answer:

Type: Compound
Clauses: Come tomorrow, get your money

Question 9. We returned home when the sun set.
Answer:

Type: Complex
Clause: When the sun sets

Question 10. All that glitters is not gold.
Answer:

Type: Complex
Clause: that glitters

Question 11. I think he is absent today.
Answer:

Type: Complex
Clause: he is absent today

Question 12. I will live where you live.
Answer:

Type: Complex
Clause: where you live

Question 13. Night came on, and rain fell heavily, and we all got very wet.
Answer:

Type: Compound
Clauses: Night came on, rain fell heavily, and we all got very wet

Question 14. When I went to the bazaar this morning, I met my old friend whom I had not seen for three years.
Answer:

Type: Complex
Clauses: When I went to the bazaar this morning, whom I had not seen for
three years

Question 15. I know the man who said that the Earth is flat.
Answer:

Type: Complex
Clauses: who said that the Earth is flat, that the Earth is flat

Question 16. He goes to school, but his sister stays at home.
Answer:

Type: Compound
Clauses: He goes to school, and his sister stays at home

Question 17. I have no sympathy for a man who is not a hero in the battle of life.
Answer:

Type: Complex
Clause: who is not a hero in the battle of life

Question 18. He does not know who has stolen your book.
Answer:

Type: Complex
Clause: Who has stolen your book

Question 19. Ashok passed, but Raman failed.
Answer:

Type: Compound
Clauses: Ashok passed, Raman failed

Question 20. Nobody knows where he was murdered.
Answer:

Type: Complex
Clause: where he was murdered

Question 21. The news is so good that it cannot be true.
Answer:

Type: Complex
Clause: that it cannot be true

Question 22. The boy who was lost yesterday has been found by the police.
Answer:

Type: Complex
Clause: who was lost yesterday

Question 23. Was he asleep or awake?
Answer:

Type: Simple (interrogative with compound predicate, not compound sentence)

Question 24. He went to the window to look out but found no one there.
Answer:

Type: Compound
Clauses: He went to the window to look out, but found no one there

Question 25. When the cat is away the mouse is at play
Answer:

Type: Complex
Clause: When the cat is away

CBSE Class 8 English Chapter 13 Prepositions

A) Prepositions are words with many uses. They are used to show how people or things relate to one another.

B) Prepositions are used to convey ideas like :

Time : after, during, since, on, at, before.

Position : around, at, behind, in, below, above.

Movement : over, through, towards, into.

Cause or purpose : because of, for.

Way of doing something : by, with.

C) Remember : We must remember which Prepositions go with certain Nouns, Noun phrases, Adjectives or Verbs.

Examples:

D) Prepositions of Place

Look at the picture given, then read the description given below:—

The main street plaza is between the City Plaza and Hilton Hotel. There are some stalls beside the City Plaza and beyond the stalls is a fountain. Right opposite the main street plaza is the Chinese Restaurant. We cannot see what is inside the Chinese Restaurant but we can see a cat in front of the restaurant. There is also a pond which is full of fish. Two children are playing near the pond. The Hilton Hotel is at the comer of Park Road and Broadway. There are birds flying above the hotel. A man is standing in front of the hotel.

Kinds Of Prepositions

E) Some More Prepositions Of Place

F) Prepositions of Movement & Direction

Some prepositions tell us where someone or something is moving to.

Exercise-1

Fill In The Blanks With Suitable Prepositions :—

Question 1. Ramesh has been here ________ a long time.

Answer: Ramesh has been here  for a long time.

Question 2. Amitabh Bachchan was bom ___________ Allahabad which is ________ Uttar Pradesh.

Answer: Amitabh Bachchan was bom  in Allahabad which is  in Uttar Pradesh.

Question 3. __________ giving me board and lodging, my friend found a suitable job for me.

Answer: Besides giving me board and lodging, my friend found a suitable job for me.

Question 4. The sun will not set today ______________ 6 p.m.

Answer: The sun will not set today until 6 p.m.

Question 5. He will return to the U.K. _____________ a month.

Answer: He will return to the U.K. in a month.

Question 6. The Government set up a committee ________ inquire __________ the matter.

Answer: The Government set up a committee to inquire into the matter.

Question 7. Mrs Nair’s work is far superior ___________ Mrs Sen’s in the field of art.

Answer: Mrs Nair’s work is far superior to Mrs Sen’s in the field of art.

Question 8. He is married ___________ my sister.

Answer: He is married to my sister.

Question 9. His journey was beset __________ difficulties and it took him a long time ___________ complete it.

Answer: His journey was beset with difficulties and it took him a long time to complete it.

Question 10. This edition of his book is very different ________ the previous one.

Answer: This edition of his book is very different from the previous one.

Exercise-2

Correct The Following Sentences. There Is An Error In Each Of Them

Question 1. I have not met my father from a long time.

Answer: I have not met my father for a long time.

Question 2. The four friends distributed the money between them.

Answer: The four friends distributed the money among them.

Question 3. Beside being heavily fined, he was sent to the jail.

Answer: Besides being heavily fined, he was sent to jail.

Question 4. He has been suffering from fever from last Monday.

Answer: He has been suffering from fever since last Monday.

Question 5. He is the boy whom I gave the book too.

Answer: He is the boy to whom I gave the book.

Question 6. He was struck at the head with an unknown assailant.

Answer: He was struck on the head by an unknown assailant.

Question 7. He jumped in the well to escape arrest.

Answer: He jumped into the well to escape disgrace.

Question 8. He is very proud about his success in the tournament.

Answer: He is very proud of his success in the tournament.

Question 9. The train will arrive in the station by the right time.

Answer: The train will arrive at the station on time.

Question 10. What are you looking?

Answer: What are you looking at?

G) Prepositions of Time

1. Specific time is shown by : at, on, in.

• The show will start at eight o’clock.
• The holidays will begin at Christmas.
• The programme will start at night, at the same time.

1. On : it refers to specific days.
2. In : it refers to period of time.
3. On december 25th, on monday.
4. In 2008, in summer, in an hour.

2. Duration of Time is shown by : before, after, by, since, till/until, up to.

Examples: before 2 p.m., after Christmas, by Tuesday, since 1995, till/until January, up to Monday morning.

3. Duration of time over a specific length of time : between, for, during, from-to.

Examples:

We were in Kolkata for/during Durga Pooja.
We were in London for twenty days between December 20th to 10 January.
We were in London from December 20th to January 10th.

Exercise-3

Fill In The Blanks With Suitable Prepositions:—

Question 1. My son will come back from Cape Town ________ December next.

Answer: My son will come back from Cape Town  in December next.

Question 2. They will be ________ India _________ 1st January ________ 15th January.

Answer: They will be in India from 1st January to 15th January.

Question 3. I have lived ________ Delhi _________ twenty years.

Answer: I have lived in Delhi for twenty years.

Question 4. A trade fair will be held __________ Delhi ________ 3rd December and 20th December.

Answer: A trade fair will be held in Delhi between 3rd December and 20th December.

Question 5. We stopped __________ Kolkata __________ Christmas holidays.

Answer: We stopped at Kolkata during Christmas holidays.

CBSE Class 8 English Chapter 28 Spellings

1. Incorrect spelling of words creates a very poor impression. Reading carefully improves your spellings, pronouncing them correctly also helps. There are many ways of improving your spellings.

1. (e)s ending

(1) Words ending in s, ss, ch, x, sh, z, o, add es.

Examples: lens – lenses

• fox – foxes
• go – goes
• kiss – kisses
• splash – splashes
• watch- watches
• buzz- buzzes

(2) Nouns ending in vowel + O, double O’s end in s.

Examples: piano – pianos

• kangaroo – kangaroos
• stereo – stereos

2. Nouns ending in fife drop f/fe and add ves.

Examples: knife – knives

handkerchief – handkerchieves

3. Y ending

• Words ending in a consonant y, drop y and add les, ied, ler, lest, ily.
• Words ending in a consonant + y add, and ing.
• Words ending in vowel + y add s, ed, ing, er, est.

Example: copy- copies – copied

• grey – greyer- greyest
• happy- happiest – happily
• enjoy – enjoys – enjoying

4. Words ending in ie, change ie to y before ing.

Example: le – lying

tie – tying

5. Words ending in e, drop e and add ing, ed, er, est.

Examples: save – saving; saved

large – larger, largest

6. Adjectives ending in e add ly to form their adverbs.

Example: sore – sorely

7. Words of one syllable ending in a single vowel + single consonant, double the consonant before the suffix.

Examples: beg- beggar, run- running, sad – saddest.

8. Words of more than one syllable ending in a single vowel + single consonant double the final consonant if the last syllable is stressed.

Examples: begin – beginning,

permit – permitted

9. The consonant l is doubled even if it is not stressed.

Examples: travel – traveller

quarrel – quarrelled

10. An i before an e except after a c.

Examples: believe, relieve

deceive, receipt

Exercise 1

Complete the word by putting in the missing words:

1. B_ _untif_ _
2. Ma_ _yi_ _
3. Change_ _ _ _
4. Liv_ _g
5. Courage _ _s
6. Sk_ _ _f_l
7. Conc_ _ve
8. S_ _ze
9. Engage_ _ _t
10. Occu_ _ed

Answer:

1. Beautiful
2. Marrying
3. Changeable
4. Living
5. Courageous
6. Skillful
7. Conceive
8. Seize
9. Engagement
10. Occupied

Exercise 2

Tick the correct spelling and write in the blank space:

Question 1. Seperate, Saparate, separate ___________

Answer: Separate ✓

Question 2. Arithmetic, Arithmatic, Arethmatic ___________

Answer: Arithmetic ✓

Question 3. Confidense, Confidance, Confidence ___________

Answer: Confidence ✓

Question 4. Tution, Tuition, Tusion ___________

Answer: Tuition ✓

Question 5. Beging, Beginning, Bigining _________

Answer: Beginning ✓

Question 6. Que, Queue, Queeeu ___________

Answer: Queue ✓

Question 7. Machinery, Machinary, Mechinery _________

Answer: Machinery ✓

Question 8. Marriage, Merrege, Merryige ________

Answer: Marriage ✓

Question 9. Begar, Begger, Beggar _________

Answer: Beggar ✓

Question 10. Truely, Truly, Truelly __________

Answer: Truly ✓

Exercise 3

Complete the following by filling in the missing words. One is done for you:

1. Judge Judging Judgement

Question 1. Ar_ _ _ , Argu_ _g,  Argu_n_

Answer: Argue, Arguing, Argument

Question 2. Hum_ _r,  Hummo_ _ _s,  Humor_ _t

Answer: Humor, Humorous, Humorout

Question 3. Fulfil, Ful_ _ _ _ed,  Ful_i_ _ _n_

Answer: Fulfill, Fulfilled, Fulfillment

Question 4. Re_ _ _,  Refer _ _ _g,  Re _ _ _en_ _

Answer: Refer, Referring, Reference

Question 5. _ _ _form,  Per_ _ _m_ _g,  Per _ _ _m_ _c_

Answer: Perform, Performing, Performance

Question 6. Occur,  Oc_ _ _ _e_ , Occ_ _ _e_ _e

Answer: Occur, Occurred, Occurrence

Exercise 4

Find at least five new words, with the help of the dictionary, for each of the groups given below:

Group 1: Words ending in ar, er, and re.

1. ar similar _________________
2. er prayer __________________
3. or tailor __________________
4. re centre __________________

Answer:

GROUP 1: Words ending in -ar, -er, or, -re

1. -ar:

1. Solar
2. Lunar
3. Regular
4. Similar
5. Peculiar

2. -er:

1. Teacher
2. Baker
3. Runner
4. Prayer
5. Observer

3. -or:

1. Doctor
2. Actor
3. Tailor
4. Editor
5. Conductor

4. -re:

1. Theatre
2. Metre
3. Fibre
4. Centre
5. Sabre

Group 2: Words ending in al, el, or le.

1. al equal _________________
2. el label _________________
3. le angel _________________

Answer:

GROUP 2: Words ending in -al, -el, -le

1. -al:

1. Local
2. Royal
3. Equal
4. Fatal
5. Floral

2. -el:

1. Label
2. Channel
3. Parcel
4. Novel
5. Tunnel

3. -le:

1. Table
2. Angle
3. Circle
4. Puzzle
5. Sample

Group 3: Words ending in ur, ure, eur, our.

1. ur murmur _________________
2. ure manure _________________
3. eur grandeur _________________
4. our harbour _________________

Answer:

GROUP 3: Words ending in -ur, -ure, -our

1. -ur:

1. Murmur
2. Sulfur (us)/sulphur (uk)
3. Blur
4. Slur
5. Occur

2. -ure:

1. Manure
2. Figure
3. Fracture
4. Moisture
5. Signature

3. -our (British English):

1. Harbour
2. Behaviour
3. Colour
4. Flavour
5. Labour

Group 4: Words ending in ry, ary, ery, ory.

1. ry country _________________
2. ary February _________________
3. ery nursery _________________
4. ory history _________________

Answer:

GROUP 4: Words ending in -ry, -ary, -ery, -ory

1. -ry:

1. Country
2. Victory
3. Pantry
4. Poetry
5. Injury

2. -ary:

1. February
2. Library
3. Dictionary
4. Temporary
5. Revolutionary

3. -ery:

1. Nursery
2. Bakery
3. Gallery
4. Machinery
5. Robbery

4. -ory:

1. History
2. Factory
3. Territory
4. Inventory
5. Mandatory

Group 5: Words ending in ant, ent, ient.

1. ant assistant _________________
2. ent serpent _________________
3. ient ancient _________________

Answer:

GROUP 5: Words ending in -ant, -ent, -ient

1. -ant:

1. Assistant
2. Elegant
3. Distant
4. Relevant
5. Vibrant

2. -ent:

1. Serpent
2. Student
3. Different
4. Confident
5. Innocent

3. -ient:

1. Ancient
2. Efficient
3. Sufficient
4. Patient
5. Convenient

Group 6. Words ending in ance, ence, ense.

1. ance entrance _________________
2. ent sentence _________________
3. ense nonsense _________________

Answer:

GROUP 6: Words ending in -ance, -ence, -ense

1. -ance:

1. Entrance
2. Importance
3. Distance
4. Balance
5. Performance

2. -ence:

1. Sentence
2. Difference
3. Reference
4. Evidence
5. Silence

3. -ense:

1. Nonsense
2. Defense (us)/defence (uk)
3. Expense
4. Intense
5. Suspense

Group 7. Words ending in able, ible.

1. able valuable _________________
2. ible horrible _________________

Answer:

GROUP 7: Words ending in -able, -ible

1. -able:

1. Valuable
2. Comfortable
3. Reasonable
4. Reliable
5. Remarkable

2. -ible:

1. Horrible
2. Possible
3. Flexible
4. Terrible
5. Visible

Group 8. Words ending in city or sity.

1. city joyous _________________
2. ious anxious _________________

Answer:

GROUP 8: Words ending in -city, -sity

1. -city:

1. Scarcity
2. Velocity
3. Simplicity
4. Electricity
5. Authenticity

2. -sity:

1. University
2. Diversity
3. Curiosity
4. Intensity
5. Necessity

Group 9. Words ending in -ous, -ious.

1. ous joyous _________________
2. ious anxious _________________

Answer:

GROUP 9: Words ending in -ous, -ious

1. -ous:

1. Joyous
2. Famous
3. Dangerous
4. Enormous
5. Fabulous

2. -ious:

1. Anxious
2. Delicious
3. Religious
4. Mysterious
5. Ambitious

Group 10. Words ending in -cial, -tial.

1. ous joyous _________________
2. ious anxious _________________

Answer:

GROUP 10: Words ending in -cial, -tial

1. -cial:

1. Special
2. Official
3. Social
4. Commercial
5. Financial

2. -tial:

1. Essential
2. Potential
3. Residential
4. Influential
5. Confidential

Group 11. Words ending in -tion, -sion.

1. tion action _________________
2. sion decision _________________

Answer:

GROUP 11: Words ending in -tion, -sion

1. -tion:

1. Action
2. Nation
3. Station
4. Education
5. Information

2. -sion:

1. Decision
2. Vision
3. Division
4. Explosion
5. Conclusion

CBSE Class 8 English Chapter 27 Word Power

1. One-Word For A Croup Of Words

Exercise 1

Give one word for the following. One is done for you:

Answer:

2. Synonyms

Exercise 2

Underline the word that is not a synonym and does not match the rest.

Question 1. Curious, inquisitive, sensitive, prying

Answer: Curious, inquisitive, sensitive, prying

Question 2. Border, margin, edge, circle

Answer: Border, margin, edge, circle

Question 3. Attract, offend, charm, fascinate

Answer: Attract, offend, charm, fascinate

Question 4. Attempt, distract, try, endeavour

Answer: Attempt, distract, try, endeavour

Question 5. Excellent, depressed, downcast, dejected

Answer: Excellent, depressed, downcast, dejected

Question 6. Delay, hurry, lag, loiter

Answer: Delay, hurry, lag, loiter

Question 7. First, final, ultimate, last

Answer: First, final, ultimate, last

Question 8. Rebellion, revolution, revolt, revenge

Answer: Rebellion, revolution, revolt, revenge

Question 9. Lawful, legal, immoral, legitimate

Answer: Lawful, legal, immoral, legitimate

Question 10. Make, form, shape, same

Answer: Make, form, shape, same

Question 11. Ruthless, sympathy, compassion, pity

Answer: Ruthless, sympathy, compassion, pity

Question 12. Plan, design, project, plastic

Answer: Plan, design, project, plastic

Question 13. Weak, stout, tough, sturdy

Answer: Weak, stout, tough, sturdy

Question 14. Stupid, dull, dense, bright

Answer: Stupid, dull, dense, bright

Question 15. Sufficient, meagre, enough, adequate

Answer: Sufficient, meagre, enough, adequate

Question 16. Catch, throw, toss, hurl

Answer: Catch, throw, toss, hurl

Question 17. Healthy, robust, hale, unwell

Answer: Healthy, robust, hale, unwell

Question 18. Agony, misery, distress, gaiety

Answer: Agony, misery, distress, gaiety

Question 19. Mirth, laughter, glee, sober

Answer: Mirth, laughter, glee, sober

Question 20. Impel, force, spur, obstruct

Answer: Impel, force, spur, obstruct

3. Antonyms

Exercise 3

Give two Antonyms for each of the following words:

Question 1. Dull _________

Answer: Dull – Sharp, Bright

Question 2. Bold _________

Answer: Bold – Timid, Cowardly

Question 3. Strict _________

Answer: Strict – Lenient, Flexible

Question 4. End _________

Answer: End – Begin, Start

Question 5. Physical _________

Answer: Physical – Mental, Spiritual

Question 6. Inferior _________

Answer: Inferior – Superior, Better

Question 7. Friendship _________

Answer: Friendship- Enmity, Rivalry

Question 8. Condemn _________

Answer: Condemn- Praise, Approve

Question 9. Accept _________

Answer: Accept- Reject, Decline

Question 10. Above _________

Answer: Above – Below, Under

Exercise 4

Group the following verbs as synonyms under the heading encourage and synonyms under the heading discourage:

dishearten, check, persuade, induce, incite, coax, deter, cajole, disapprove, criticise

Answer:

Here is the grouped list of verbs under the headings “Encourage” and “Discourage”:

Encourage 

1. Persuade
2. Induce
3. Incite
4. Coax
5. Cajole

Discourage

1. Dishearten
2. Check
3. Deter
4. Disapprove
5. Criticise

4. New words are made by adding prefixes and suffixes.

Most commonly used prefixes are:

Remember: Prefixes are added at the beginning of the word.

Exercise 5

Choose from the box above and make a new word:

Answer:

Exercise 6

Form new words by using the prefix dis or mis:

Question 1. ________ doing.

Answer: Misdoing (wrongdoing)

Question 2. ________ connnect

Answer: Disconnect

Question 3. ________ continue

Answer: Discontinue

Question 4. ________ direct

Answer: Misdirect

Question 5. ________ fortune

Answer: Misfortune

Question 6. ________ comfort

Answer: Discomfort

Question 7. ________ arrange

Answer: Disarrange

Question 8. _________ believe

Answer: Disbelieve

Question 9. _________ deed

Answer: Misdeed

Question 10. _________ order

Answer: Disorder

5. Suffixes are words added after the word. The most used suffixes are.

Exercise 7

With the help of the box, make new words by adding suffixes:

Answer:

Exercise 8

Make compound words by matching words in Column A with those in Column B. One is done for you:

Answer:

Exercise 9

Fill in the blanks with the correct word from the box:

Question 1. Every taxi has a _______ which records the distance travelled.

Answer: Every taxi has a meter which records the distance travelled.

Question 2. Shoes made of ______ are not very durable.

Answer: Shoes made of canvas are not very durable.

Question 3. Success of your business depends on the ______ you have chosen for it.

Answer: Success of your business depends on the site you have chosen for it.

Question 4. He did not announce the ______ of this film.

Answer: He did not announce the cast of this film.

Question 5. The beautiful grass was covered with ________ left behind after a party.

Answer: The beautiful grass was covered with litter left behind after a party.

Question 6. Our constitution does not allow any discrimination on grounds of faith or _______.

Answer: Our constitution does not allow any discrimination on grounds of faith or caste.

Question 7. I cannot wear a sari which is less than six _________.

Answer: I cannot wear a sari which is less than six meter.

Question 8. He could _______ many examples to support his argument.

Answer: He could cite many examples to support his argument.

Question 9. She has worked hard to ________ votes for her favourite political party.

Answer: She has worked hard to canvas votes for her favourite political party.

Question 10. I buy a _______ of milk every day.

Answer: I buy a liter of milk every day.

CBSE Class 8 English Chapter 26 Punctuations And Capital Letters

A) Punctuations or punctuation marks lend clarity to our writing. Without them we can misunderstand the meaning of the sentence.

B) The following are the principal punctuation marks

1. Full stop (.)
2. Comma (,)
3. Semicolon (;)
4. Colon (:)
5. Question Mark (?)
6. Exclamation Mark (!)
7. Inverted Commas (“ ”)
8. Apostrophe (’)
9. Dash (-)
10. Hyphen (-)

C) l. The Full Stop (.): It is the longest pause.

He reached home safely (.)

Full Stops were used after abbreviations — M.L.A., M.A. but now they are omitted.

2. Comma (,) : It is the shortest pause, and is used :

1. To separate two or more parts of speech that come together like health, wealth, and peace or a series of words in the same construction; as,
2. He lived wisely, peacefully, and honestly.
   He wrote quickly, neatly and accurately.
3. To mark off words in apposition; as,
   Alexander, the great conqueror of the world, died at the age of thirty two only.
4. To separate each pair of words connected by and; as,
   Rich and poor, high and low, young and old, all must die.
5. To avoid repetition of a verb; as,
   Hariprasad Chaurasia is a musician, Lata Mangeshkar, a singer.
6. To mark off words used in addressing people; as,
   Sir, may I drink water? Santosh, where were you last night?
7. To separate words, phrases or clauses in a sentence; as,
   Truth is, after all, the most important thing.
   He, nevertheless, succeeded in persuading his brother to join the firm.
8. To separate a Subordinate Adverb Clause from the rest of the sentence; as,
   If you have a cycle, please lend it to me for a while.
   We only start when you are ready.
9. To separate short coordinate clauses of a compound sentence; as,
   Men may come, men may go, but I go on forever.
10. To mark off a direct quotation from the rest of the sentence.
    Shayam said to me, “Beware of thieves!”
    “Alice,” said John, “is a chatter box!”
    “Go away,” he said to his sons, “and earn money with your own efforts.”

3. The Semicolon (;) : It represents a pause of greater importance than a comma :

1. To separate the clauses of a compound sentence, if they contain commas; as,
   As Caesar loved me, I weep for him;
   as he was fortunate, I rejoice at it; as he was valiant, I honour him.
2. To separate a series of loosely connected clauses; as,
   God gave her peace; her land reposed.
   Reading maketh a full man; conference a ready man; writing an exact man.

4. The Colon (:) : It represents a pause still longer than that indicated by a semicolon. It is used.

1. Before enumeration; as,
   J.K. Rowling’s Potter series are : Harry Potter and the Philosopher’s Stone, The Chamber of Secrets, The Prisoner of Azkaban, The Golden Goblet, The Order of the Phoenix, The Half Blood Prince, and The Deathly Hallows.
2. To introduce a quotation; as,
   Bacon says: “Reading maketh a full man.”

5. The Note of Interrogation (?) : It is used in Direct questions; it should not be used in Indirect Speech; as,

She said, “Who are you?”
Why is she not at home?

6. The Note of Exclamation (!) : It is used after Interjection, Exclamatory phrases and Exclamatory sentences; as,

Alas! Bravo! Hurrah!
What luck! How splendid!
Is she stupid!

7. Inverted Commas (“ ”) : They mark the exact words of a speaker, or a quotation; as,

“You must run,” she said,” “or you will miss the train.”
Shakespeare says, “Frailty, thy name is woman.”

8. Apostrophe (’) :

(1) The apostrophe is used to show possession; as,
The children’s toys, My father’s books, The horses’ legs

(2) We use apostrophes to mark short forms; as,

aren’t,                 won’t,              isn’t,           doesn’t
(are not)              (will not)         (is not)     (does not)

He’s                          I’d                               can’t
(he is)                       (I would, I had)            (cannot)

(3) It’s and Its

It’s is it is.

It’s hot today.

Its = belonging to it

What a beautiful bag, what is its price?

Remember an apostrophe is not used with the following words; as,

Yours, ours, hers, theirs, whose,

yours affectionately, whose house

Is this yours? It is theirs.

9. The Dash (—)

1. A dash is used to introduce an explanation in the middle of a sentence; as,
   None — the audiences, the critics, the fans — liked the film.
2. It is used after a list of items when the list is followed by an explanation.

10. The Hyphen (-)

1. A hyphen is used with compound numbers from twenty-one to ninety-nine; as, Thirty-seven, eighty-eight, ninety-seven
2. It is used in writing compound words; as,
   passer-by, mother-in-law, maid-servant
3. It is used in compound adjectives :
   a multi-storeyed house, winter-wear garments

D) Capital Letters

Examples of unpunctuated and punctuated passages.

1. Unpunctuated

Have you finished your lesson george said mr smith to his son no father replied george hanging down his head why not my son because it so difficult father i am sure i shall never leam it

Punctuated

“Have you finished your lesson, George?” said Mr Smith to his son.

“No, father,” replied George, hanging down his head.

“Why not, my son?”

“Because it is so difficult, father, I am sure I shall never leam it.”

2. Unpunctuated

Rani would you like to go to a movie tonight asked rohini what a lovely idea lets go and see jodha akbar oh but i have already bought the tickets for om shanti om all right rohini, 111 go with you said rani

Punctuated

“Rani, would you like to go to a movie tonight?” asked Rohini.

“What a lovely idea! Let’s go and see, ‘Jodha Akbar’.”

“Oh! But I have already bought the tickets for ‘Om, Shanti, Om\”

“All right Rohini, I’ll go with you,” said Rani.”

3. Unpunctuated

They had played together in infancy they had worked together in manhood, they were now tottering about and gossiping away in the evening of life and in a short time they will probably be buried together in the neighbouring churchyard

Punctuated

They had played together in infancy; they had worked together in manhood; they were now tottering about and gossiping away in the evening of life; and, in a short time, they will probably be buried together in the neighbouring Churchyard.

Exercise-1

Insert Commas where necessary :—

Question 1. When most people think of Goa India they think of beautiful beaches they do not think of heat or other discomforts.

Answer: When most people think of Goa, India, they think of beautiful beaches; they do not think of heat or other discomforts.

Question 2. Yesterday I bought a new battery for my C.D. player.

Answer: Yesterday, I bought a new battery for my C.D. player.

Question 3. It took us about 80 minutes to finish the yellow trail as we were in no hurry. We could have gone faster but there was a lot of traffic with so many people in the trail. We heard the calls of various birds felt the crunch of gravel beneath our shoes the roughness of tree’s bark and the softness of moss. We smelt herbs such as lemon grass and mint and fruit such as jack-fruit and mango.

Answer: It took us about 80 minutes to finish the yellow trail, as we were in no hurry. We could have gone faster, but there was a lot of traffic with so many people in the trail. We heard the calls of various birds, felt the crunch of gravel beneath our shoes, the roughness of a tree’s bark, and the softness of moss. We smelt herbs, such as lemon grass and mint, and fruit, such as jack-fruit and mango.

Question 4. Fortunately we had good weather today and everyone enjoyed themselves. Infact today was one of the loveliest days we spent on this island.

Answer: Fortunately, we had good weather today, and everyone enjoyed themselves. In fact, today was one of the loveliest days we spent on this island.

Question 5. “Please Sita don’t forget about bringing a camera with you so that you can take pictures” said Ravi. “Good idea” said Sita “What about food?” she asked after a few minutes pause. “Let’s take something practical” said Ravi. ‘Let’s take some sandwiches some biscuits and fruits then we won’t need to cook.”

Answer: “Please, Sita, don’t forget about bringing a camera with you, so that you can take pictures,” said Ravi. “Good idea,” said Sita. “What about food?” she asked after a few minutes’ pause. “Let’s take something practical,” said Ravi. “Let’s take some sandwiches, some biscuits, and fruits; then we won’t need to cook.”

Exercise-2

Place a full stop, note of interrogation or exclamation and comma, wherever necessary:—

Question 1. How exciting your climb on the Everest must be

Answer: How exciting your climb on the Everest must be!

Question 2. Oh yes, it was a marvellous adventure

Answer: Oh yes, it was a marvellous adventure.

Question 3. You carried oxygen with you, didn’t you

Answer: You carried oxygen with you, didn’t you?

Question 4. Are there more bundles to be tied up and sent to the godown

Answer: Are there more bundles to be tied up and sent to the godown?

Question 5. What a delightful movie it was

Answer: What a delightful movie it was!

Question 6. Who has run away with my camera

Answer: Who has run away with my camera?

Question 7. How I wish I hadn’t agreed to his proposal

Answer: How I wish I hadn’t agreed to his proposal!

Question 8. Would you mind moving away your car

Answer: Would you mind moving away your car?

Question 9. “Where have you been” she said to me

Answer: “Where have you been?” she said to me.

Question 10. “Ouch” he said “Why did you hurt me so much nurse”

Answer: “Ouch!” he said. “Why did you hurt me so much, nurse?”

Exercise-3

Punctuate the following passages by putting in the necessary punctuation marks and capital letters:

Question 1. Before reading on there are two things you should know about ghosts according to an unwritten international convention they will not make themselves visible to people who do not believe in them.

Answer:

Passage 1:

Before reading on, there are two things you should know about ghosts. According to an unwritten international convention, they will not make themselves visible to people who do not believe in them.

Question 2. The professor was silent whod produce his favourite foods the moment it was time but of course i believe in you mrs guff he said comfortingly do you she asked and vanished how tiresome women can be he thought fancy going off like that in the middle of an argument do you believe in me mrs gruff asked out of the air swinging from the ceiling fan of course i do but not when you do foolish things come down at once or you 11 break your neck

Answer:

Passage 2:

The professor was silent.

“Who’d produce his favourite foods the moment it was time? But of course, I believe in you, Mrs. Guff,” he said comfortingly.
“Do you?” she asked and vanished.
“How tiresome women can be,” he thought. “Fancy going off like that in the middle of an argument!”
“Do you believe in me, Mrs. Gruff?” asked out of the air, swinging from the ceiling fan.
“Of course I do, but not when you do foolish things! Come down at once, or you’ll break your neck!”

Question 3. Mrs sarojini naidu called for prayer before the march started she exhorted them gandhis body is in gaol but his soul is with you indias prestige is in your hands

Answer:

Passage 3:

Mrs. Sarojini Naidu called for prayer before the march started. She exhorted them, “Gandhi’s body is in gaol, but his soul is with you. India’s prestige is in your hands.”

Exercise-4

Punctuate the following dialogue between the Wolf and Grandma and Red Riding Hood. Use capital letters where required.

wolf may i come in
grandma (terrified) : he’s going to eat me up, help.
(grandma was absolutely right he ate her up in one big bite.)
red riding hood comes in, she stopped she stared and then she said.
what big ears you have grandma all the better to hear you with the wolf replied what big eyes you have Grandma said little red riding hood.
all the better to see you with the Wolf replied.

Answer:

Wolf: “May I come in?”

Grandma (terrified): “He’s going to eat me up! Help!”

Little Red Riding Hood comes in. She stopped, she stared, and then she said:

The Wolf replied: “All the better to hear you with.”

Little Red Riding Hood said: “What big eyes you have, Grandma!”

The Wolf replied: “All the better to see you with.”