Class 10 Social Science

Chapter 8 Novels Society And History Important Dateline

• 1719: Daniel Defoe’s novel ‘Robinson Crusoe’ was published.
• 1740: Circulating libraries were introduced.
• 1854: ‘Hard Times’ published.1857: Baba Padamji’s ‘Yamuna Paryatan’ was published.
• 1878: ‘Rajasekhara Caritamu’ published by Kandukuri virselingam
• 1889: The novel ‘Indulekha’ was published by O. Chandu Menon.
• 1894: Rudyard Kipling published Jungle Book.
• 1905: ‘Sultana’s Dream’ written by Rokeya Hossein.
• 1936: Prem Chand’s ‘Godan’ was published.
• 1956: Advaita Malla Barman’s “Titash Ekti’ Nadir Naam was published.

Chapter 8 Novels Society And History Important Concepts And Terms

Novel: A novel is an extended, generally fictional narrative, typically in prose.

Gentlemanly Classes: People who claimed noble birth and high social position. They were supposed to set the standard for proper behavior.

Epistolary: Written in the form of a series of letters.

Serialized: A format in which the story is published in installments, each part in a new issue of the journal.

Vernacular: The normal, spoken form of a language rather than the formal, literary form.

Satire: A form of representation through writing, drawing, painting, etc., that provides a criticism of society in a manner that is witty and clever.

Chapter 8 Novels Society And History Ncert Textbook Exercises

Question 1. Explain the following:

1. Social changes in Britain led to an increase in women readers.
2. What actions of Robinson Crusoe make us see him as a typical colonizer?
3. After 1740, the readership of novels began to include poorer people.
4. Novelists in colonial India wrote for a political cause.

Answer:

• As the middle classes became more affluent, women got more leisure to read and write novels. Also, novels began to explore the world of women, their emotions, identities, experiences, and problems.
  • Domestic life became an essential subject of novels – a field women had the authority to speak about.
• Robinson Crusoe’s actions that make us see him as a typical colonizer are many. Shipwrecked on an island inhabited by colored people, Crusoe treats them as inferior beings.
  • He is portrayed as “rescuing” a native and then making him a slave. He gives him the name Friday, without even caring to ask for his name.
  • Colonized people were seen as barbaric and primitive, and colonialism became their self-professed civilizer. Crusoe was a direct representation of this ideology of colonizers.
• After 1740, the readership of novels began to include poorer people because of the introduction of circulating libraries, low-priced books, and also because of the system of hiring out of books by the hour.
  • This made books easily available to poor people, who could not afford books earlier due to high costs and the absence of lending libraries.
• Novelists in colonial India wrote for a political cause because the novel was a powerful medium for expressing social defects and suggesting remedies for the same.
  • It also helped establish a relationship with the past. Since people from all walks of life could read novels, it was an easy way to popularise anti-colonial ideas.
  • It also helped bring about a sense of national unity among the people.

Question 2. Outline the changes in technology and society which led to an increase in readers of the novel in eighteenth-century Europe.

Answer:

1. Print-made novels to be read widely and become popular quickly.
2. Novels produced a number of common interests and a variety of readers.
3. Readers were drawn into the story and identified themselves with the lives of fictitious characters. They now could think about issues like love and marriage, and proper conduct for men and women.
4. Prosperity, due to industrialization, made new groups join the readership for novels. Besides the aristocratic and gentlemanly classes, new groups of lower-middle-class people such as shopkeepers and clerks joined in.
5. The rise in the earnings of authors freed them from the patronage of aristocrats. They could now experiment with different literary styles. The epistolary novel – Samuel Richardson’s Pamela – written in the 18th century was the first of its kind. It was a story told through letters.
6. Books became cheap and even the poor could buy them. Circulating libraries made books easily accessible. Publishers also started hiring out novels. Books could now be read in private or could be heard by more people, while one of them read it out.
7. Magazines serialized stories (Charles Dickens’s Pickwick Papers was the first), illustrated them, and sold them cheaply. All these changes increased the number of readers.

Question 3. Write a note on:

1. The Oriya novel
2. Jane Austen’s portrayal of women
3. The picture of the new middle class which the novel Pariksha-Guru portrays.

Answer:

1. In 1877-78, Ramashankar Ray started to serialize the first Oriya novel, “Saudamini”; but it remained incomplete. Orissa’s first major novelist was Fakir Mohon Senapati.
   • He wrote “Chaa Mana Atha Guntha” which deals with land and its possession. This novel illustrated that rural issues could be an important part of urban concerns.
2. The novels of Jane Austen give us a glimpse of the world of women in genteel rural society in mid-19th century Britain.
   • Women, at that time, were encouraged to look for a good marriage and find a wealthy and proper husband. Her famous novel ‘Pride and Prejudice’ depicts this well.
   • It writes, ‘It is the truth, universally acknowledged, that a single man in possession of a good fortune must be in want of a good wife’. The main characters are shown to be preoccupied with marriage and money.
3. The novel “Pariksha-Guru” portrays the difficulties of the new middle class in adapting to colonized society while preserving its cultural identity.
   • It emphasizes that Western ideals must be inculcated, but without sacrificing the traditional values of middle-class households.
   • The characters in this Hindi novel by Srinivas Das are seen endeavoring to bridge the two different worlds of modern education and traditional ethics.

Question 4. Discuss some of the social changes in nineteenth-century Britain that Thomas Hardy and Charles Dickens wrote about.

Answer:

Social changes in nineteenth-century Britain highlighted by Thomas Hardy are:

1. The breaking up of rural communities because of industrialization. Due to industrialization, peasants who toiled with their lands were disappearing as large or big farmers enclosed lands, bought machines, and employed laborers to produce for the market.
2. In his novel ‘Mayor of Casterbridge’, Hardy mourns the loss of the more personalized world which is being replaced by a more efficiently managed urban culture.

Social Changes Highlighted by Charles Dickens are:

1. Charles Dickens wrote mainly about the emergence of the industrial its effects on society and the common people.
2. The growth of factories and expanded cities led to the growth of business and economy and increased the profits of capitalists.
3. At the same time, workers faced immense problems. The use of machines resulted in the unemployment of ordinary laborers; they became homeless, creating a problem with housing.
   • The pursuit of profit became the goal of factory owners while the workers were undervalued and almost lost their identity. Human beings were reduced to being mere instruments of production.

Question 5. Summarise the concern in both nineteenth-century Europe and India about women reading novels. What does this suggest about how women were viewed?

Answer:

The concern in both nineteenth-century Europe and India about women reading novels bore more or less similar fears.

Women were seen as easily corruptible and an imaginary world that the novel provided was seen as a dangerous opening for the imaginations of its readers.

In certain Indian communities, it was felt that women who read novels would leave their domestic environments and aspire to be part of the outside world – the male domain.

This suggests that women were viewed as delicate and incapable of being independent.

They were merely expected to marry a man who could take care of their financial needs while they maintained his household and remained subservient to him.

Question 6. In what ways was the novel in colonial India useful for both the colonizers as well as the nationalists?

Answer:

The novel in colonial India was useful for both the colonizers as well as the (CBSE 2009) nationalists on account of a variety of reasons.

Colonial rulers found “vernacular” novels illuminating the information they provided on native customs and life. The novel was useful in the governance of this diverse country.

Indian nationalists used the form of the novel to criticize colonial rule and instill a sense of national pride and unity among the people.

Question 7. Describe how the issue of caste was included in the novels in India. By referring to any two novels, discuss the ways in which they tried to make readers think about existing social issues.

Answer:

Indians used novels as a powerful medium to criticize what they considered defects in their society and to suggest remedies.

The issue of caste was included in the Indian novels for this same purpose. Novels like Indirabai and Indulekha were written by members of the upper castes with upper-caste characters.

• Potheri Kunjambu, a lower-caste writer from north Kerala, wrote a novel called Saraswativijayam in 1892. It was a direct attack on caste oppression.
  • The novel’s hero, an ‘untouchable’ leaves his village to escape from the cruelty of a Brahmin overlord.
  • He converts to Christianity, receives modern education, and returns to his village as a judge of a local court.
  • In the meantime, the villagers bring the landlord to his court, they believe the landlord’s men have killed the hero.
  • The judge reveals himself and the Nambuthri landlord repents and promises to reform. The novel emphasizes the role of education in uplifting the lower classes.
• In 1920, a Bengali novel Titash Ekti Nadir Naam written by Advaita Malla Burman took up the cause of low castes.
  • The people described are the Mallas – a community of fishermen. The story covers three generations and describes the oppression of the upper castes.
  • The lives of the Mallas are tied to the river Titash. As the river dries, the community dies too.
  • This novel is special because the author himself was a ‘low caste’ describing the anguish of low-caste people.

Question 8. Describe the ways in which the novels in India attempted to create a sense of pan-Indian belonging.

Answer:

The ways in which the novels in India attempted to create a sense of pan-Indian belonging were:

1. Many historical novels were about Marathas and the Rajputs which produced a sense of a pan-Indian belonging in Bengal.
2. They imagined the nation to be full of adventure, heroism, romance, and sacrifice. The novels allowed the colonized to give shape to their desires.
3. Bankim’s Anandmath is a novel about a secret Hindu militia that fought Muslims to establish a Hindu kingdom. It was a novel that inspired many freedom fighters.
4. Shivaji, the hero of the novel Anguriya Binimoy (1857) written by Bhudeb Mukhopadhyaya (1825-94) engages in many battles against clever and treacherous Aurangzeb. What gave him courage and grit was his belief that he was a nationalist fighting for the freedom of Hindus.
5. Imagining a heroic past was one way in which the novel helped popularise the sense of belonging to a common nation. It was another way to include various classes in the novel so that they could be seen as belonging to a shared world. Premchand’s novels, for instance, are filled with all kinds of powerful characters drawn from all levels of society.

Chapter 8 Novels, Society And History Short Questions And Answers

Question 1. Novels were useful for both colonial administrators and Indians in colonial India.
Support the statement with an example.

Answer:

To colonial administration:

1. A source to understand native life and customs.
2. Novels helped to govern Indian society with various communities and castes.
3. Those helped me to learn the domestic life, dresses, religious worship, etc.
4. Some of the books were translated into English by British administrators or Christian missionaries.

Read and Learn More Class 10 Social Science Solutions

To Indians:

1. Indians used the novels as a powerful medium to criticize defects that they considered in society and to suggest remedies.
2. To establish a relationship with its past.
3. To propagate their ideas about society.
4. Novels glorified the accounts of the past and helped create a sense of National Pride among the readers.
5. Those helped in creating a sense of collective belongingness on the basis of one’s language.

Question 2. Explain how novels became a popular medium of entertainment among the middle class during the late 19th century.

Answer:

1. The world created by novels was absorbing, believable, and seemingly real.
2. While reading novels, the readers are transported to another person’s world and begin looking at life as it was experienced by the characters of the novel.
3. Novels allowed individuals the pleasure of reading in private as well as in public.
4. The stories of novels were discussed in homes, meetings, or even in offices.

Question 3. What were the advantages of serialized novels?

Answer:

1. A story is published in installments, keeping the suspense for the next issue.
2. Serialization allowed readers to relish the suspense, discuss the characters of a novel, and live for weeks with their stories.
3. This was possible since the magazines were illustrated, cheap, and affordable.

Question 4. What were the advantages of vernacular novels?

Answer:

1. They were written in the language of common people.
2. Vernacular novels produced a sense of a shared world between diverse people of a nation.
3. Novels also draw from different styles of languages. A novel may be written in a classical language combined with the language of the street to make them all a part of the vernacular that it uses,
4. Novels were read individually. Sometimes in groups also.

Question 5. Describe any two popular themes on which women writers in England wrote in the 19th century.

Answer:

Domestic Life: Women writers wrote about domestic life themes with which they (CBSE 2010) were familiar. For this, they drew upon their experience and earned public recognition.

For instance, the novels of Jane Austen depict a society that encouraged women to look for ‘good’ marriages and find wealthy husbands.

Rebellious Women: Women novelists, like Charlotte Bronte, dealt with women who rebelled against existing norms of society before adjusting to them.

In her novel Jane Eyre, Jane is shown as independent and assertive. While girls of her age were supposed to be docile, meek, and well-behaved, Jane was shown protesting against the hypocrisy of her elders.

Question 6. Explain, how novels became a popular medium of entertainment among the middle class during the late 19th century in India.

Answer:

The circulation of printed books allowed people to assure themselves in new ways. (CBSE, Delhi 2010) Picture books, translations from other languages, popular songs sometimes composed in contemporary events, stories in newspapers and magazines–all these offered new forms of entertainment. Within this new culture of print, novels soon became immensely popular.

In Tamil, for example, there was a flood of popular novels in the early decades of the 20th century. Detective and mystery novels often had to be printed again and again to meet the demands of the readers.

In the late 19th century and the early 20th century, written texts were often read aloud for several people to hear.

Individuals sitting at home or traveling in trains enjoyed them.

Question 7. Write three methods by which printed books became more accessible to people.

Answer:

There were a series of innovations in the printing technology in the 19th century.

1. Richard M. Hoe of New York perfected the power-driven cylindrical press. He could print 8,000 sheets per hour. His press was very useful for printing newspapers.
2. The late 19th century saw the development of the offset press capable of printing six colours at a time.
3. Electrically-operated press in the early 20th century increased the rate of printing operations.
4. Methods of feeding paper improved, the quality of plates became better, machines were fed, and automatic paper reels and photoelectric controls of the color register were introduced.

Question 8. How did the novels contribute to the growth of nationalism in Europe?

Answer:

Within the novel, people can see people living in different worlds and sharing a collective identity.

By identifying with their collective identity people felt they belonged to one nation even though they were living in different places.

Question 9. What was the theme of the novel written by Thomas Hardy?

Answer:

The theme of novels written by Thomas Hardy was about the farming communities of England that were breaking up due to the mechanization of agriculture.

Question 10. What were the themes of novels for the young during the 19th century in England?

Answer:

The popular themes were historical adventures of young boys who got involved in some military action and showed courage.

Question 11. What is the importance of Sewasadan by Prem Chand in the History of novels in India?

Answer:

Sewasadan deals with the poor condition of women in the society. It forces the readers to get out of world fantasies and seriously ponder over real-life issues that are confronted by ordinary people.

Question 12. Why did Colonial rulers find Indian novels useful?

Answer:

Indian novels gave colonizers an insight into the lives of the colonized people, their traditions, and their culture.

The Britishers being outsiders knew nothing about the varied customs prevalent in various Indian societies.
This helped them in framing their administrative policies.

Question 13. Novels are useful for the nationalists. Explain. Answer:

The nationalists got an opportunity to glorify the accounts of the past. These novels helped in creating the feeling of Nationalism.

Novels inspired political movements – Anandamath inspired many freedom fighters.

Question 14. Describe the pleasure of reading novels.

Answer:

It offers a popular medium of entertainment. The novels spread the way of silent reading because novels are generally read alone and in silence.

Question 15. Describe the reason for the popularity of novels among women.

Answer:

The reason for the popularity of novels among women was that it allowed for a new conception of womanhood. Stories of love showed women who could choose or refuse their partners and relationships.

Question 16. Write a brief description of Rokeya Hossein and her novels.

Answer:

Rokeya Hossein (1880-1932) was a reformer, who wrote a satiric fantasy in English called ‘Sultana’s Dream’ (1905) which shows a topsy-turvy world in which women take the place of men.

Her novel Padmarag also showed the need for women to reform their condition through their own actions.

Question 17. What was the effect of men’s suspicion about women writing novels or reading them?

Answer:

As men became suspicious of women writing novels or reading them, they started writing in secrecy. Sailabala Ghosh Jaya, a popular novelist, could only write because her husband protected her.

Question 18. What was the attitude of people in India in the 19th century towards women reading? How did women respond to this?

Answer:

There was not a universally favorable attitude.

Conservative Hindus believed that a literate girl would be widowed and Muslims feared educated women would be corrupted by reading Urdu romances. Rebel women defied such prohibition.

A Muslim girl in north India defied her family and secretly learned to read and write Urdu. Rashsundari Debi, a young married girl in a very orthodox family, learned to read in the secrecy of her kitchen. Later she published her autobiography in Bengali.

A few Bengali women like Kailash Bashini Debi wrote books highlighting the experiences of women. In the 1860s, Tarabai Shinde and Pandita Ramabai of Maharashtra wrote about the miserable lives of upper-caste women.

Women writing in Tamil expressed their gratitude to books. The attitude in general was to keep women imprisoned at home, ignorant, forced to do hard domestic work, and subject to unfair treatment.

In Punjab, folk literature exhorted women to be obedient wives (Ram Chaddha’s Istri Dharm Vichar).

The Khalsa Tract Society published cheap booklets with the same message. In Bengal, – an entire area in Central Calcutta- the Battala – was devoted to printing popular books. They were cheap editions of religious texts, scriptures as well as scandalous literature.

Women’s education was not encouraged by the majority as Begum Rokeya Sakhawat Hossein reported in her address to Bengal Women’s Educated Conference.

Question 19. Which form did the epistolary novel use to tell its story? Explain with an example.

Answer:

The epistolary novel uses the private and personal form of letters to tell its story.

For example, Samuel Richardson’s Pamela, written in the eighteenth century, told much of its story through an exchange of letters between two lovers. These letters tell the reader of the. Eden conflicts in the heroine’s mind.

Question 20. Briefly describe the two earliest novels in Marathi.

Answer:

Yamuna Paryatan and Muktamala were the two earliest novels in Marathi.

1. Yamuna Paryatan (1857). This was the first novel in Marathi. Its author was Baba Padmanji. It used a simple style of storytelling to speak about the plight of widows.
2. Muktamala (1861). Lakshman Moreshwar Halbe’s Muktamala was the second Marathi novel. This was not a realistic novel; it presented an imaginary ‘romance’ narrative with a moral purpose.

Question 21. In which two worlds did the early Bengali novels live in the 19th century?

Answer:

In the 19th century, the early Bengali novels lived in the following two worlds:

1. Many of the novels were located in the past, their characters, events and love stories based on historical events.
2. Another group of novels depicted the inner world of domestic life in contemporary settings. Domestic novels frequently deal with the social problems and romantic relationships between men and women.

Question 22. What do you know about the languages of the novel?

Answer:

The novel uses the vernacular, the language that is spoken by common people. By coming close to the different spoken languages of the people, the novel produces the sense of a shared world between diverse people in a nation.

The novel also draws from different styles of language. A novel may take a classical language and combine it with the language of the streets and make them all a part of the vernacular that it uses. Like the nation, the novel brings together many cultures.

Question 23. What do you know about the development of the novel in Assam?

Answer:

1. The first novels in Assam were written by the missionaries. Two of them were translations of Bengali including Phulmoni and Karuna.
2. In 1888, Assamese students in Kolkata formed the Asamya Bhasar Unnatisadhan which brought out a journal called Jonaki. This journal opened up opportunities for authors to develop the novel.
3. Rajanikanta Bardoloi wrote the first major historical novel in Assam called Manomati (1900).
   • It is set in the Burmese invasion, stories of which the author had probably heard from old soldiers who had fought in the 1819 campaign.
   • It is a tale of two lovers belonging to two hostile families who are separated by the war and finally reunited.

Question 24. What message does Gulavadi Venkata Rao’s novel convey?

Answer:

In Gulavadi Venkata Rao’s novel Indirabai, the heroine is given away in marriage at a very young age to an elderly man. Her husband dies soon after, and she is forced to lead the life of a widow.

Despite opposition from her family and society, Indirabai succeeds in continuing her education. Eventually, she marries again, this time a progressive, English-educated man.

Women’s education, the plight of widows, and problems created by the early marriage of girls were important issues for social reformers in Karnataka at that time.

Chapter 8 Novels Society And History Multiple Choice Question And Answers

Question 1. Oliver Twist was written by

1. Emile Zola
2. Thomas Hardy
3. Jane Austen
4. Charles Dickens

Answer: 4. Charles Dickens

Question 2. Jane Austen’s famous novel was

1. Hard Times
2. Pride and Prejudice
3. Jane Eyre
4. Jungle Book

Answer: 2. Pride and Prejudice

Question 3. Which of the following novels was not written by Charles Dickens?

1. Hard Times
2. Germinal
3. Oliver Twist
4. Pickwick Papers

Answer: 2. Germinal

Question 4. Who wrote the ‘Jungle Book’?

1. Charlotte Bronte
2. R. L. Stevenson
3. Rudyard Kipling
4. None of these

Answer: 3. Rudyard Kipling

Question 5. The earliest Indian novel was written in which of the following languages?

1. Tamil
2. Hindi
3. Bengali
4. Telugu

Answer: 3. Bengali

Question 6. The first modern novel in Malayalam is

1. Swarna Lekha
2. Indu Lekha
3. Sindu Lekha
4. None of these

Answer: 2. Indu Lekha

Question 7. Who is the pioneer of modern Hindi literature?

1. Bharatendu Harishchandra
2. Srinivas Das
3. Devaki Nandan Khatri
4. Munshi Premchand

Answer: 1. Bharatendu Harishchandra

Question 8. The first modern Hindi novel is:

1. Parikhsha-Guru
2. Godan
3. Chandrakanta
4. Sevasadan

Answer: 1. Parikhsha-Guru

Question 9. Which was the first novel written by Bankim Chandra Chatterjee?

1. Anandmath
2. Sultana’s Dream
3. Muktamala
4. Durgeshnandini

Answer: 4. Durgeshnandini

Question 10. Which one of the following novels is written by Rokeya Hussein?

1. Pariksha Guru
2. Godan
3. Anandmath
4. Sultana’s Dream

Answer: 4. Sultana’s Dream

Question 11. Which of the following novels deals with caste oppression?

1. Sultana’s Dream
2. Indu Lekha
3. Saraswativijayam
4. Godan

Answer: 3. Saraswativijayam

Question 12. Which was the first historical novel written in Bengali?

1. Anandamath
2. Anguriya Binimoy
3. Sultana’s Dream
4. Durgesh Nandini

Answer: 2. Anguriya Binimoy

Question 13. Who was the central character of Prem Chand’s Rangbhoomi?

1. Tulsidas
2. Surdas
3. Kabirdas
4. None of these

Answer: 2. Surdas

Question 14. Which of the following novels was not written by Munshi Premchand?

1. Rangbhoomi
2. Godan
3. Sewasadan
4. Pariksha-Guru

Answer: 4. Pariksha-Guru

Question 15. Name the novel which was based on the effect of industrialization.

1. Hard Times
2. Oliver Twist
3. Germinal
4. Pickwick Papers

Answer: 1. Hard Times

Question 16. What is an ‘epistolary novel’?

1. A novel written in a series of letters.
2. A novel based on a biographical account
3. A novel written in poetic verse
4. None of these.

Answer: 1. A novel written in a series of letters.

1. Passage Based Questions And Answers

1. Identify famous characters from novels (mentioned in your textbook), after reading the following clues. Write the name of the character, the name of the novel, and the name of the authorities.

1. He is a blind ‘untouchable’ beggar who struggled against the forcible takeover of his land and set up a tobacco factory.
2. She was an intelligent and educated upper-caste woman who challenged the existing practices and married an educated man outside her caste.
3. He was shipwrecked on an Island, rescued a native, and named him ‘Friday’, without conduction even bothering to ask him a name.
4. She was an independent and assertive young girl who challenged the hypocrisy of elders.

Answer:

1. The name of the character is Surdas.
   • The name of the Novel is Rangbhoomi.
   • The author of the novel-Prem Chand.
2. The name of the character is Indulekha.
   • The name of the novel is also Indulekha.
   • The name of the author is Menon. (the main character of Madhuban).
3. The name of the character is Robinson Crusoe.
   • The name of the novel is Mayor of Casterbridge (1886). The author’s name is Daniel Defoe.
4. The name of the character’. The name of the novel is Jane Eyre. The Author’s name is Charlotte Bronte’s.

2. Matching of Columns

Match the books given in Column A with the name of the author

Answer: 1.-(c) 2.-(d) 3.-(e) 4.-(a) 5.-(b).

3. Puzzle Solving Questions And Answers

Solve the crossword puzzle with the help of the given below clues.

Across:

2. A book written in the form of a series of letters.

5. Traditional art of storytelling.

6. A format in which the story is published in installments, each part in a new issue.

8. Language spoken by common people.

Down:

1. Writer of a novel.

3. A form of writing that criticizes society in a witty and clever way.

4. Indulekha married a groom belonging to this caste in Kerala.

7. Prose tales of adventure and heroism.

Answer:

1. JANE EYRE
2. EPISTOLARY
3. SATIRE
4. NAYAR
5. KISSA-GOI
6. SERIALISED
7. DASTAN
8. VERNACULAR

Chapter 7 Print Culture And The Modern World Important Dateline

• 768-770 CE: Hand Print technology comes to Japan.
• 868 CE: The first Japanese book ‘Diamond Sutra’ was published.
• 1430s: Gutenberg developed the first well-known printing press.
• 1753: Kitagawa Utamaro born in Edo.
• 1508: Erasmus wrote Adages.
• 1517: Martin Luther wrote 95 theses.
• 1812: The Grimm Brothers in Germany compiled folk tales.
• Mid-16th century: Print comes to India. The first Printing Press was set up in Kolkata.
• 1822: Persian Newspaper Jam-i-Jahan Nama and Shamsul Akhbar published.
• 1867: Deoband Seminary was founded.
• 1870s: Caricature and cartoons began to publish
• 1871: Gulamgiri a famous novel published.
• 1878: The Vernacular Press Act was passed.
• 1920s: Chap Books series published in England.

Chapter 7 Print Culture And The Modern World Important Concepts And Terms

Calligraphy: The art of beautiful and stylized writing.

Vellum: A parchment made from the skin of animals.

Platen: In letterpress printing, platen is a board that is pressed onto the back of the paper to get the impression from the type. At one time it used to be a wooden board; later it was made of steel.

Compositor: The person who composes the text for printing.

Gallery: Metal frame in which types are laid and the text composed.

Ulema: Legal scholar of Islam and the Sharia (a body of Islamic Law).

Ballad: A historical account or folk tale in verse, usually sung or recited.

Fatwa: A legal pronouncement on Islamic law usually given by a mufti (legal scholar) to clarify issues on which the law is uncertain.

Taverns: Places where people gather to drink alcohol, serve food, meet friends, and exchange news.

Protestant Reformation: A sixteenth-century movement to reform the Catholic Church dominated by Rome. Martin Luther was one of the main protestant reformers. Several traditions of anti-catholic Christianity developed out of the movement.

Seditious: Action, speech, or writing that is seen as opposing the government.

Inquisition: A former Roman Catholic court for identifying and punishing heretics.

Heretical: Beliefs that do not follow the accepted teachings of the Church. In Medieval times, heresy was seen as a threat to the right of the church to decide on what should be believed and what should not. Heretical beliefs were severely punished.

Satiety: The state of being fulfilled much beyond the point of satisfaction. Dominations: Subgroups within a religion.

Almanac: An annual publication giving astronomical data, information about movements of the sun and moon, timing of full tides and eclipses, and much else that was of importance in the everyday life of people.

Chapbook: A term used to describe pocket-size books that are sold by traveling pedlars called Chapman. These became popular from the time of the sixteenth-century print and revolution.

Despotism: A system of government in which absolute power is exercised in an individual, unregulated by legal and constitutional checks.

Novel: A novel is a modern form of literature. It is born from print, a mechanical invention.

Chapter 7 Print Culture And The Modern World Ncert Textbook Exercises

Question 1. Give reasons for the following:

1. Woodblock print only came to Europe after 1295.
2. Martin Luther was in favor of print and spoke out in praise of it.
3. The Roman Catholic Church began keeping an Index of Prohibited books in the mid-sixteenth century.
4. Gandhi said the fight for Swaraj is a fight for liberty of speech, liberty of the press, and freedom of association.

Answer:

1. Woodblock print was invented around the sixth century in China. It came to Europe, along with Marco Polo, in 1295. Marco Polo returned to Italy after many years of exploration in China and brought the knowledge of woodblock print with him on his return.
2. Through the publications of his protestant ideas, Martin Luther challenged the orthodox practices and rituals of the Roman Catholic Church. He wrote 95 theses criticizing many of the practices of the Roman Catholic Church. Luther’s writings were immediately reproduced in vast numbers and read widely. This led to a division within the church and to the beginning of the Protestant Reformation. He also translated the New Testament of which 5000 copies were sold within a few days. These could be impossible without the printing technology. Deeply grateful to the print, Luther said, “Printing is the ultimate gift of God and the greatest one.” This is the reason why Luther was in favor of print and spoke out in praise of it.
3. The Roman Catholic Church had to face many dissents from the mid-16th century onwards. People wrote many books that interpreted God and the creation in their own ways or as they liked. Therefore, the church banned such books and kept a record of such banned books. It was called the Index of Prohibited Books.
4. Gandhi considered that the liberty of speech, liberty of the press, and freedom of association were the three most powerful vehicles for expressing and cultivating public opinion. Therefore, he said the fight for Swaraj was a fight for liberty of speech, press, and freedom of association.

Question 2. Write short notes to show what you know about:

1. The Gutenberg Press
2. Erasmus’ idea of printed book
3. The Vernacular Press Act

Answer:

1. The Gutenberg Press:
   • The first printing press was developed by Johan Gutenberg in the 1430s.
   • It was a developed form of the olive and wine presses. By 1448 Gutenberg perfected this system. The lead molds were used for casting the metal types for the letters of the alphabet.
   • The first book he printed was the Bible.
   • He produced 180 copies of the Bible in 3 years, which was much faster by standards of the time, at the time.
2. Erasmus’s Idea of Printed Book: Erasmus was a Latin scholar and a Catholic reformer. He criticized the printing of books. He thought that most of the books were stupid, ignorant, scandalous, raving, irreligious, and seditious. According to him, such books devaluate valuable books.
3. The Vernacular Press Act: Modelled on the Irish Press Laws, it was passed in 1878. This law gave the government tyrannical rights to censor reports and editorials in the vernacular press. If a seditious report was published and the newspaper did not heed an initial warning, the press was seized and the printing machinery confiscated. This was a complete violation of the freedom of expression.

Question 3. What did the spread of print culture in nineteenth-century India mean to:

1. Women
2. The poor
3. Reformers

Answer:

1. Women: The spread of print culture in 19th century India benefited Indian women through learning and education.
   • The liberal families supported the education of women to study or read as they believed education and reading would make women perfect. There was also a negative side to the introduction of books where women were concerned.
   • Conservative Hindus believed that a literate girl would be widowed. Muslims feared that educated women would be corrupted by reading Urdu romances.
   • This led to the counter-reaction, as most of the oppressed women began to study and read books and learn writing in secrecy. Some literate women started to write books and their autobiographies.
   • Rashsundari Devi, a young married girl wrote her autobiography “Amar Jiban” which was published in 1876. Overall, the print culture in 19th century India helped in the spread of the feeling of self-reliance among Indian women.
2. The Poor: The poor people benefited from the spread of print culture because of the availability of books at a low price. The readership among them increased due to the publication of low-priced books.
   • Public libraries were also set up in the early 19th century, expanding access to books where all people could gain knowledge.
   • Encouraged and inspired by the social reformers, people like factory workers too set up their libraries and some even wrote books. Kashibaba, a Kanpur mill worker wrote and published ‘Chote aur Bade Ka Sawal’.
3. Reformers: Indian reformers of the 19th century utilized print culture as the most potent means of spreading their reformist ideas and highlighting unethical issues.
   • They began publishing various vernacular, English, and Hindi newspapers, and books through which they could spread their opinions against widow immolation, child marriage, monotheism, Brahmanical priesthood, and idolatry to the common people of the country.
   • In this way, the spread of print culture in the 19th century provided them a space for attacking religious orthodoxy and spreading modern social and political ideas to people of different languages across the country.

Question 4. Why did some people in eighteenth-century Europe think that print culture would bring enlightenment and end despotism?

Answer:

Many people in eighteenth-century Europe thought that the print culture had the power in to bring enlightenment and end despotism.

This would help in spreading literacy and knowledge among all classes of people.

Social reformers like Louise, Sebastian Mercier, and Martin Luther felt that the print culture was the most powerful engine of progress and public opinion and hence, it would definitely bring enlightenment and an end to despotism.

Question 5. Why did some people fear the effect of easily available printed books? Choose one example from Europe and one from India.

Answer:

Some people especially from the upper class and the powerful class feared the effect of easily available printed books.

Their cause of fear was that due to the spread of literacy among the common people they could lose their position or authority.

Some people feared that this could lead to the spread of rebellions and irreligious thoughts. For example:

• In Europe, the Roman Catholic Church tried to curb printed books through the Index of Prohibited Books.
• In India, the Vernacular Press Act imposed restrictions on the Indian press and various local newspapers. Also, some religious leaders and some people from the upper castes expressed their fear.

Question 6. What were the effects of the spread of print culture on poor people in nineteenth-century India?

Answer:

The effects of the spread of print culture on poor people in nineteenth-century India were:

1. The poor people benefited from the spread of print culture in India on account of the availability of low-price books and public libraries.
2. Enlightening essays were written against caste discrimination and its inherent injustices. These were read by the people across the country.
3. With the encouragement and support of social reformers, overworked factory workers set up libraries for self-education, and some of them even published their own work, for example, Kashibaba published his “Chhote Aur Bade Ka Sawal”.

Question 7. Explain how print culture assisted the growth of nationalism in India.

Answer:

The print culture immensely helped in the growth of nationalism in India in the following ways:

1. Through the vernacular press, oppressive methods of colonial rule were reported.
2. The misrule of the government and its initiative to curb the freedom of the press spread the nationalist ideas that demanded freedom of the press.
3. Nationalist feelings and revolutionary ideas were secretly spread by the dailies such as The Amrit Bazar Patrika, The Indian Mirror, Kesri, The Hindu, Bombay Samachar, etc. Through these newspapers, national leaders always tried to mobilize public opinion of the Indian masses and unite them for the cause of nationalism.
4. The print culture helped in educating the people who then started to be gradually influenced by the reformist and nationalist ideas of the various Indian leaders like Raja Ram Mohan Roy, Bal Gangadhar Tilak, Subhash Chandra Bose, M.K. Gandhi, etc.

Chapter 7 Print Culture And The Modern World Short Questions And Answers

Question 1. Who were the people who employed scribes to write in the 14th century?

Answer:

As handwritten books were expensive, only the rich, the aristocrats, and the Church could employ scribes. The scribes wrote only for aristocratic circles and rich monastic libraries.

With the coming of woodblock printing, merchants and traders started buying books in large numbers, with the result that booksellers could afford to hire scribes.

One bookseller could employ 50 scribes due to the new technology in printing. It was no longer the monopoly of the rich and the influential.

Read and Learn More Class 10 Social Science Solutions

Question 2. State the limitations of handwritten books.
Or
Why were manuscripts not used widely in everyday life before the age of print in India?

Answer:

Handwritten books were expensive and took a long time to produce. Copying was expensive, and it was a hard and laborious work.

The manuscripts were very fragile and could easily be spoilt. They were awkward in size and difficult to carry. The result was that their circulation was limited. Middle-class people could not afford them.

Question 3. Write a short note on the developments or innovations in printing technology in the 19th century.
Or
State three methods by which printed books became more accessible to people.

Answer:

1. There was a series of innovations in the printing technology in the 19th century.
2. Richard M. Hoe of New York perfected the power-driven cylindrical press. He could print 8,000 sheets per hour. His press was very useful for printing newspapers.
3. The late 19th century saw the development of the offset press capable of printing six colours at a time.
4. Electrically-operated press in the early 20th century increased the rate of printing operations.
5. Methods of feeding paper improved, the quality of plates became better, machines were fed automatic paper reels, and photoelectric controls of the color register were introduced.

Question 4. Explain any three features of manuscripts before the age of print in India.

Answer:

1. Manuscripts were copied on palm leaves or handmade papers.
2. The pages were beautifully illustrated.
3. They were pressed between wooden covers or sewn together to ensure preservation.
4. They were available in vernacular languages. They were highly expensive and fragile.
5. They could not be read easily as the script was written in different styles.
6. They were not widely used in everyday life.

Question 5. Why did the woodblock method become popular in Europe?

Answer:

1. Production of handwritten manuscripts could not meet the ever-increasing demand for books.
2. Copying was an expensive, laborious, and time-consuming business.
3. The manuscripts were fragile, awkward to handle, and could not be carried
   around or read easily.
4. By the early 15th century, woodblocks started being widely used in Europe to print textiles, playing cards, and religious pictures with simple, brief texts.

Question 6. What was the role of new visual image culture in printing in India?

Answer:

1. At the end of the 19th century, a new visual culture started.
2. With the increasing number of printing presses visual images could be easily reproduced in multiple copies.
3. Painters like Raja Ravi Verma produced images for mass circulation.
4. Cheap prints and calendars were brought even by the poor to decorate the walls of their houses.

Question 7. Print popularised the ideas of the Enlightenment thinkers. Explain.

Answer:

1. Collectively the writings of thinkers provided a critical commentary on tradition, superstition, and despotism.
2. Scholars and thinkers argued for the rule of reason rather than custom and demanded that everything should be judged through the application of reason and rationality.
3. They attacked the sacred authority of the church and the despotic power of the state thus eroding the legitimacy of a social order based on tradition.
4. The writings of Voltaire and Rousseau were read widely and those who read these books saw the world through new eyes, eyes that were questioning, critical, and rational.

Question 8. Why was China a major producer of printed material for a long time?

Answer:

China had a huge bureaucratic system. The personnel for this system was chosen based on a Civil Service Examination.

To help the candidates, textbooks for this examination were printed in enormous numbers. In the 16th century, when more candidates were recruited, more printed material appeared in public.

Question 9. Write briefly why some people feared that the development of print could lead to the growth of dissenting ideas.

Answer:

With the coming of printing technology, there was a greater possibility for wide circulation of ideas. A new world of debate and discussion would be created.

Those who did not agree with the established norms were now able to publish and circulate their ideas.

Through print media, they persuaded people to think differently and developed the spirit of inquiry. The growth in popularity of the Reformist ideas in Europe is an example of this trend.

Question 10. Write a short note on how the printing press came to India.

Answer:

The printing press was brought to India by the Jesuit missionaries. They came to Goa in the 19th century, learned Konkani, and printed many tracts.

But in 1674, about 50 books were printed in Konkani and Kanarese languages. The Catholic priests published the first book in Tamil in 1579, in Cochin and in 1713 the first book in Malayalam was printed by them.

The Dutch Protestant missionaries had already printed 72 Tamil books by 1710, most of them were translations of earlier texts. By the end of the 18th century, newspapers began to appear in various Indian languages.

Question 11. What were the difficulties faced by the manuscripts in India?

Answer:

The handwritten books were very expensive and very fragile. They were difficult to carry and had to be handled carefully.

They were also not easy to read as the script was written in many styles. Because of this difficulty, they were not widely read. Teachers dictated them from memory and the students wrote them down.

Students learned not to read the manuscripts but only write them. Though in the pre-colonial period, Bengal had many village primary schools, the manuscripts were not used in everyday life.

Thus, students became literate without ever actually reading the texts.

Question 12. “The print culture created the conditions within which the French Revolution occurred.” Support the statement by giving three arguments.
Or
Why do some historians think that the print culture created the basis for the French Revolution?

Answer:

1. Print popularised the ideas of enlightened thinkers, and the writings of Voltaire and Rousseau were read widely.
   • They made a critical commentary on tradition, superstition, and despotism. It opened the eyes of the readers and made them question, be critical, and rational.
2. Print created a new culture of dialogue and debate. All values, norms, and institutions were revalued and discussed by a public that had become aware of the power of reason. New ideas of social revolution came into being.
3. By the 1780s, there was an outpouring of literature, that mocked royalty and criticized their morality. In the process, it raised questions about the existing social order.
   • It led to hostile sentiments against the monarchy. Thus, the print culture created the conditions in which the French Revolution occurred.

Question 13. Who were the supporters of women’s education in India and why?

Answer:

The print culture affected the lives of women. Not only women readers but also many women writers came forward to write about women’s experiences.

They were supported by liberal fathers and husbands who started educating their womenfolk at home. Some even sent them to schools.

Many schools for women were set up by social workers and rich people in towns and cities. Many reformers also supported education among women.

Question 14. What was the role of cartoons and caricatures in new forms of publications?

Answer:

By the 1870s, cartoons and caricatures appeared in many journals and newspapers. They commented on social and political issues.

By making fun of certain beliefs, they aroused the public and made them think about certain rules of society and the role of imperial rulers.

Some caricatures made fun of the educated Indians’ fascination for everything Western in tastes, clothes, etc. Some, on the other hand, expressed fear of change of any kind.

In the field of politics, they lampooned the behavior and attitude of imperial rulers. The imperial rulers returned the compliment by making fun of and caricaturing the nationalists.

Question 15. Explain how print culture had assisted the growth of nationalism in India in the 19th century.

Answer:

1. Print culture led to the publication of most papers in Vernacular languages. Many more journals were published after 1870.
2. These journals and newspapers published cartoons and caricatures criticizing imperial rule and commenting on social and political issues.
   • The vernacular newspapers like Tilak’s Kesari and Maratha became assertively nationalist and reported on colonial misrule and encouraged nationalism.
3. The repressive measures passed by the British government provoked militant protest. Tilak was imprisoned for writing about them in his Kesari, in 1908.
   • It led to widespread protests. Print helped the leaders to carry their ideas to people across India, brought them closer, and helped the growth of nationalism.

Question 16. How did print culture affect women in nineteenth-century India? Explain.

Answer:

Women became important as readers as well as writers. The lives and feelings of women began to be written in vivid and intense ways. The number of women readers increased enormously in middle-class homes.

Liberal fathers and husbands began educating their womenfolk at home and sent them to schools when schools for women were set up in cities and towns.

Many journals carried a syllabus and attached suitable reading matter which could be used at home.

From the 1860s, a few Bengali women like Kailashbashini Debi wrote books highlighting the experience of women who were imprisoned, kept in ignorance forced to do hard domestic work, and treated unjustly.

Tarabai Shinde and Pandita Ramabai of Maharashtra in 1880, wrote with anger about the miserable lives of upper-caste Hindu women – especially widows.

In Central Calcutta, an entire area called Battala was devoted to printing popular books, profusely illustrated. They were carried by pedlars to homes enabling women to read them in their leisure time.

But everyone was not so liberal. Hindus (conservative) believed that a literate girl would become a widow.

Muslims believed that an educated woman would be corrupted by reading. Some women had to learn to read and write in secret, like Rashsundari Debi of East Bengal.

She learned to read secretly in her kitchen and later wrote her autobiography Amar Jiban in 1876.

Question 17. Explain the main features of the first printed Bible.

Answer:

The main features of the first printed Bible were:

• About 180 copies of the Bible were printed and it took three years to produce them.
• The text was printed in the New Gutenberg press with metal type, but the borders were carefully designed, painted, and illuminated by hand by artists.
• No two copies were the same. Every page of each copy was different. This made everyone possess a copy that they could claim was unique.
• Colour was used within the letters in various places. This had two functions, i.e., it added color to the page and highlighted all the holy words to emphasize their significance. Color on every page was added by hand.
• Gutenberg printed the text in black leaving spaces where the color could be filled later.

Question 18. Examine the role of missionaries in the growth of the press in India.

Answer:

The printing press first came to India with Portuguese missionaries to Goa in the mid-sixteenth century. Jesuit priests learned Konkani and printed several tracts.

By 1674, about 50 books were printed in Konkani and Kanara languages. Catholic priests published the first Tamil book in 1579 at Cochin and in 1713, the first Malayalam book was published by them.

By 1710, Dutch Protestant missionaries published 32 Tamil Texts, many of them translations of older works.

Question 19. What role was played by the print culture in bringing the French Revolution?

Answer:

Role of print culture in bringing French Revolution:

1. Print popularised the ideas of Enlightenment thinkers. Collectively, their writing provided a critical commentary on tradition, superstition, and disposition. They argued for the rule of reason rather than custom.
2. They attacked the sacred authority of the Church and the despotic power of the state. This eroded the authority of a social order based on tradition.
   • The writings of Voltaire and Rousseau made readers see the world through new eyes, eyes that questioned and were rational and critical.
3. Print created a new culture of dialogue and debate. Now all values, norms, and institutions were re-evaluated and discussed by the public, now aware of their power to question existing beliefs and ideas. It led to new ideas of social revolution.
4. By the 1780s there was an output of literature that mocked royalty and questioned their morality. Cartoons and caricatures presented a monarchy interested only in their own pleasures, while the ordinary people suffered immense hardships.
5. Literature spread hostile sentiments against the monarchy, though it was circulated underground. But we must remember that to combat the above ideas was the influence of the Church.
   • If people read Voltaire and Rousseau, they were also exposed to monarchical and Church propaganda. So print did not directly shape their minds, but it made it possible for people to think differently.

Question 20. How did the printing press bring forth changes in reading culture?

Answer:

With the printing press, a new reading public emerged.

1. Printing reduced the cost of books.
2. The time and labor to produce each book came down. Multiple copies could be produced easily.
3. Books flooded the market, reaching out to an evergrowing readership.
4. It created a new culture of reading.
5. Common people could not read books earlier, only the elite could. Common people heard a story or saw a performance collectively.
6. Instead of a hearing public now there was a reading public.
7. The rate of literacy in European countries was also low till the 20th century. Publishers reached out to people by making them listen to books being read out.
8. Printers published popular ballads and folktales, profusely illustrated. These were then sung and recited at village gatherings in taverns in towns.
9. Oral culture thus entered print and printed material was orally transmitted. Hearing and reading the public, thus became one.

Question 21. Why were the printed books popular even among the illiterate people?

Answer:

1. First, very cheap small books brought to markets in 19th-century towns allowed poor people traveling, to buy them. Public libraries set up in the early 20th century expanded the access to books.
2. From the late 19th century, many social reformers like Jyotiba Phule (a Maratha reform pioneer) wrote about injustices of the caste system in their books (Gulamgiri, 1871).
   • In the 20th century, B.R. Ambedkar and E.V. Ramaswamy Naicker wrote powerfully on caste, and their books were read by people all over India.
   • Print Culture and the Modern World Workers in factories were too overworked and lacked education to write much about their experiences.
   • A Kanpur mill worker wrote and published “Chhote Aur Bade Ka Sawal” in 1938.
   • To show links between caste and class exploitation under the name of Sudarshan Chakhar between 1935 and 1955 were together published and were called “Sacchi Kavitayen”.
   • Libraries were set up in Bangalore Cotton Mills and in Bombay. It was done to bring literacy and to propagate the message of nationalism. The printed books made the poor crazy about reading.

Question 22. Describe the progress of Printing in Japan.

Answer:

Buddhist Missionaries from China introduced hand-printing technology into Japan around C.E. 768-770.

The oldest Japanese book, printed in C.E. 868, is the Buddhist Diamond Sutra, containing six sheets of text and woodcut illustrations. Pictures were printed on textiles, playing cards, and paper money.

In medieval Japan, poems and prose writings were regularly published, and books were cheap and in plenty.

In the late 18th century, flourishing urban circles in Edo (modern Tokyo) published illustrated collections by printing artists.

Courts and bookstores were packed with hand-printed material of various types books on women, musical instruments, calculations, tea ceremonies, flower arrangements, proper etiquette, cooking, and famous places.

Famous examples: Kitagawa Utamoro’s contribution to an art form called Ukiyo (pictures of the floating world).

Question 23. What is a manuscript? Write four shortcomings of manuscripts.

Answer:

A manuscript is a handwritten book. It was written on a palm leaf or on a handmade paper. Pages were sometimes beautifully illustrated.

They would be either pressed between wooden covers or sewn together to ensure preservation.

The four shortcomings of manuscripts were:

1. They were highly expensive and fragile.
2. They had to be handled carefully.
3. They could not be read easily as the script was written in different styles.
4. So they were not widely used. Students very often did not read the texts. They only learned to write.
   • Teachers dictated portions from memory and students wrote them down. Many became literate without ever actually reading any kind of text.

Question 24. What was the attitude of people in India in the nineteenth century towards women reading? How did women respond to this?

Answer:

There was not a universally favorable attitude. Conservative Hindus believed that a literate girl would be widowed and Muslims feared educated women would be corrupted by reading Urdu romances.

Rebel women defied such prohibition. A Muslim girl in north India defied her family and secretly learned to read and write Urdu.

Rashsundari Debi, a young married girl in a very orthodox family, learned to read in the secrecy of her kitchen. Later she published her autobiography in Bengali.

A few Bengali women like Kailash Bashini Debi wrote books highlighting the experiences of women. In the 1860s, Tarabai Shinde and Pandita Ramabai of Maharashtra wrote about the miserable lives of upper-caste women.

Women writing in Tamil expressed their gratitude to books. The attitude in general was to keep women imprisoned at home, ignorant, forced to do hard domestic work, and subject to unfair treatment.

In Punjab, folk literature exhorted women to be obedient wives (Ram Chaddha’s Istri Dharm Vichar.) The Khalsa Tract Society published cheap booklets with the same message.

In Bengal, – an entire area in Central Calcutta the Battala was devoted to printing popular books. They were cheap editions of religious texts, scriptures as well as scandalous literature.

Women’s education was not encouraged by the majority as Begum Rokeya Sakhawat Hossain reported in her address to Bengal Women’s Educated Conference.

Question 25. Explain the role played by print in bringing about a division in the Roman Catholic Church.

Answer:

In 1517, a religious reformer, Martin Luther, wrote 95 theses criticizing many practices and rituals of the Roman Catholic Church. A printed copy of this was posted on a Church door in Wittenberg.

It challenged the Church to debate his ideas. Luther’s writings were reproduced in vast numbers and read widely. This led to a division within the Church and to the beginning of the Protestant Reformation.

Luther’s translation of the Bible sold 5,000 copies in the first week and soon the second edition began.

The print of his theses, according to scholars, brought about a new intellectual atmosphere and spread rapidly the ideas of Reformation.

Question 26. State three ways in which early printed books closely resembled manuscripts.

Answer:

1. The metal letters imitated the ornamental handwritten styles.
2. Borders were illuminated by hand with foliage and other patterns.
3. Illustrations were printed. In the books meant for the rich, space for decoration was kept blank on the printed page. Each purchaser could choose the design and decide on the painting school that would do the illustrations.

Question 27. How did print help connect communities and people in different parts of India? Explain with examples.

Answer:

Print connected communities and people in different parts of India through newspapers, by encouraging public debates on important issues.

New ideas emerged in Sambad Kaumudi published by Raja Ram Mohan Roy in 1821, which provoked debate on widow immolation, Brahmanical priesthood, idolatry, etc., by printing ideas in every language spoken by ordinary people.

In retaliation, Hindu orthodoxy started Samachar Chandrika to oppose his opinions. In north India, ulemas feared colonial rulers would change Muslim personal laws, published Persian and Urdu translations of holy scriptures, and printed religious newspapers and tracts.

The Deoband Seminary published thousands of fatwas telling Muslim readers how to conduct themselves in their everyday lives and explaining Islamic doctrines.

Hindus also published religious texts in Vernacular languages. Ramcharitmanas of Tulsidas came out in Calcutta in 1810.

Naval Kishore Press at Lucknow and Shri Venkateshwar Press in Bombay published numerous religious texts in Vernacular languages.

The religious texts reached a very wide circle of people encouraging discussions, debates, and controversies within and among different religions.

Newspapers conveyed news from one place to another, creating pan-Indian identities. Thus, print not only stimulated the publication of conflicting opinions but also connected communities and people in different parts of India.

Question 28. Why did the new technology not entirely displace the existing art of producing books by hand?

Answer:

1. The printed books closely resembled the written manuscripts in appearance and layout.
2. The metal letters imitated the ornamental hand styles.
3. Borders in printed books were illuminated by hand with foliage and other patterns and illustrations were painted.
4. In the books for the rich, space for decoration was kept blank on the printed page. After each purchaser had chosen the design, the painting school would do the illustrations.

So, new technology did not entirely displace the existing art of producing books by hand.

Question 29. By the end of the 19th century, a new visual culture was taking shape. Explain.

Answer:

The setting up of an increasing number of printing presses made it easy to reproduce visual images in multiple copies. Painters like Raja Ram Varma produced images for mass circulation.

Cheap prints and calendars could be bought by the poor to decorate the walls of their homes or places of work.

The prints began shaping popular ideas about modernity and tradition, religion and politics, society and culture. In the 1870s, caricatures and cartoons were published in journals and newspapers.

Imperial cartoons lampooned nationalists and nationalist cartoons criticized the imperial rule.

Question 30. How did ideas about science, reason, and rationality find their way into popular literature in 18th-century Europe?

Answer:

In the 18th century the periodical press combined information about current affairs with entertainment. Newspapers and journals carried information about wars and trade as well as news of developments in other places.

Similarly, the ideas of philosophers now became accessible to common people. Ancient and medieval scientific texts were compiled and published, and maps and scientific diagrams were widely printed.

When scientists like Sir Isaac Newton began to publish their discoveries, they could influence a much wider circle of scientifically minded readers.

The writings of thinkers such as Thomas Paine, Voltaire, and Rousseau were also widely printed and read. Thus their ideas of science, reason, and rationality found their way into popular literature.

Question 31. How did the uses of printing diversify in China by the 17th century? Explain.

Answer:

By the 17th century, urban culture bloomed in China, and the use of printing diversified.

1. Printing was no longer used just by scholars and officials.
2. Merchants used print in their everyday life, as they collected trade information.
3. Reading increasingly become a leisure activity. New readers preferred narratives, poetry, autobiographies, anthologies of literary masterpieces, and romantic plays.
4. Rich women began to read, many women began publishing their poems and plays. Wives of scholar-officials published their work and courtesans wrote about their lives.

Question 32. Write the name of any two women writers of India in the 19th century and highlight the contribution of anyone who wrote about the different experiences of the women.

Answer:

The two women writers of India in the 19th century were:

1. Kailash Bashini Debi
2. Tarabai Shinde

Kailash Bashini Debi was a Bengali writer who wrote books, highlighting the experiences of women. She wrote about how women were imprisoned at home, kept in ignorance, forced to do hard domestic work, and treated unjustly.

Question 33. How did printing come to Europe from China? Explain.

Answer:

In 1295, Marco Polo a great explorer returned to Italy after years of exploration in China. Marco Polo brought the knowledge of woodblock printing from China and soon Italians began producing books with woodblocks.

The technology spread rapidly to the rest of Europe. Merchants and students in the university started buying cheaper printed copies.

Question 34. Discuss the growth of printing presses in Europe from the 15th to the 16th century.

Answer:

In 100 years (1450-1550), the print culture had spread from Germany to all over Europe. Printers from Germany traveled all over Europe looking for jobs.

They set up presses in most European countries. By 1470, Rome, France, and Holland had printing presses. In the second half of the 15th century, 20 million books were printed.

By the end of the 16th century, there were 200 million printed copies flooding Europe.

Chapter 7 Print Culture And The Modern World Multiple Choice Questions And Answers

Question 1. Printing was first developed in

1. Japan
2. Portugal
3. China
4. Germany

Answer: 3. China

Question 2. Which one among the following is an ancient name of Tokyo?

1. Osaka
2. Nagano
3. Edo
4. Gifu

Answer: 3. Edo

1. Question 3. The first printed book by the mechanical press was ___________.
   Or
   Which of the following was the first book printed by Gutenberg?The New Testament
2. The Bible
3. Chap Books
4. Diamond Sutra

Answer: 2. The Bible

Question 4. Who brought printing to Europe?

1. Martin Luther
2. Gutenberg
3. Marco Polo
4. Erasmus

Answer: 3. Marco Polo

Question 5. “Printing is the ultimate gift of God and the greatest one”. Who spoke these words?

1. Johann Gutenberg
2. Newcomen
3. Mahatma Gandhi
4. Martin Luther

Answer: 4. Martin Luther

Question 6. Who developed the first printing press in the 1430s?

1. Marco Polo
2. Johann Gutenberg
3. James Watt
4. None of the above

Answer: 2. Johann Gutenberg

Question 7. The British imposed the Vernacular Press Act

1. To curb internal revolts
2. To curtail rising discontentment among Indians
3. To promote Indian allegiance to the British
4. To confiscate the property of the Indian Press

Answer: 2. To curtail rising discontentment among Indians

Question 8. Choose the name of the oldest printed book in Japan.

1. Diamond Sutra
2. The Bible
3. Ukiyo
4. The Koran

Answer: 1. Diamond Sutra

Question 9. Which of the following books reflects the plight of the ‘lower castes’ and the poor in India?

1. Gulamagiri
2. Chhote Aur Bade Ka Sawal
3. Sachchi Kavitayan
4. All of the above

Answer: 4. All of the above

Question 10. In India, the printing press first came to

1. Goa with Portuguese
2. Bombay with British
3. Goa with British
4. Bombay with Portuguese

Answer: 1. Goa with Portuguese

Question 11. Who among the following was scared of print?

1. Writers and philosophers
2. Religious authorities and monarchs.
3. Common people – including peasants, workers, poor women, etc.
4. Printers and Publishers

Answer: 2. Religious authorities and monarchs.

Question 12. Which one among the following is an autobiography of Rashsundari Devi?

1. Amar Jiban
2. Amar Jyoti
3. Amar Jawan
4. Amar Zindagi

Answer: 1. Amar Jiban

Question 13. Who among the following introduced hand-printing technology in Japan?

1. Buddhist Missionaries from India
2. Buddhist Missionaries from Japan
3. Buddhist Missionaries from China
4. None of the above

Answer: 3. Buddhist Missionaries from China

Question 14. The first weekly paper published in India was:

1. Bombay Samachar
2. Bengal Gazette
3. Shamsul Akbar
4. Samachar Chandrika

Answer: 2. Bengal Gazette

Question 15. The newspaper started by Bal Gangadhar Tilak was:

1. The Kesari
2. The Hindu
3. The Statesman
4. The Tribune

Answer: 1. The Kesari

1. Passage Based Questions And Answers

Read the passage given below and answer the questions that follow:

Thomas Wood, a Yorkshire mechanic, narrated how he would rent old newspapers and read them by firelight in the evenings as he could not afford candles. Autobiographies of poor people narrated their struggle to read against grim obstacles.

Read the excerpt given above and answer the following questions:

1. Who was Thomas Wood?
2. What does this passage depict?
3. What were the major obstacles poor people faced in reading newspapers?

Answer:

1. Thomas Wood was a mechanic. He lived in Yorkshire.
2. This passage depicts the desire of poor people to read Newspapers. By reading newspapers, they wanted to overcome different obstacles.
3. The major obstacle, they faced was that they could not buy newspapers. They often rented old newspapers to read.

2. Oral Quiz

1. Skilled Handwriters were called
2. Who said that the printing press was the most powerful engine to progress?
3. She is the author of Amar Jiban
4. British introduced the Vernacular Press Act to
5. Ancient manuscripts were written on

Answer:

1. Scribes
2. Mercier
3. Rash Sundari Devi
4. Suppress the freedom of the Press
5. Palm leaves

3. Matching of Columns

Answer:

1.-(d) 2.-(a) 3.-(b) 4.-(e) 5.-(c)

NCERT Solutions For Class 10 Economics Chapter 4 Globalisation And The Indian Economy Important Concepts And Terms

Globalization: Linking a country’s economy with other countries by free trade.

Liberalization: Lifting central excise imposed by governments in order to give greater freedom to economic agents to make their own decisions.

Privatization: Closely associated with liberation and signifies a greater role for the private sector in the functioning of an economy.

Tariff: Any official duty of customs imposed by the government on import and export.

Quota: A quantitative restriction on import and export.

Economic Reforms: Changes in the set of economic policies.

Direct Foreign Investments: Investment made by foreign companies to create additional capacity contributing to additional production.

Mixed Economy: A type of economy in which both public and private sectors work together.

NCERT Solutions For Class 10 Economics Chapter 4 Globalisation And The Indian Economy Flowchart

NCERT Solutions For Class 10 Economics Chapter 4 Globalisation And The Indian Economy Exercises

Question 1. What do you understand by globalization? Explain in your own words.

Answer:

Globalization means integrating the economy of a country with the economies of other countries under conditions of free flow of trade, capital, and movement of persons across borders. It includes:

1. Increase in foreign trade.
2. Export and import of techniques of production.
3. The flow of capital and finance from one country to another.
4. Migration of people from one country to another.

Question 2. What were the reasons for putting barriers to foreign trade and foreign investment by the Indian government? Why did it wish to remove these barriers?

Answer:

The Indian government had put barriers to foreign trade and foreign investment to protect domestic producers from foreign competition, especially when industries had just begun to come up in the 1950s and 1960s.

At this time, competition from imports would have been a death blow to growing industries. Hence, India allowed imports of only essential goods.

In the New Economic Policy in 1991, the government wished to remove these barriers because it felt that domestic producers were ready to compete with foreign industries.

It felt that foreign competition would in fact improve the quality of goods produced by the Indian industries. This decision was also supported by powerful international organizations.

Question 3. How will flexibility in labor laws help companies?

Or

Describe how flexibility in the labor laws helps companies.

Answer:

Flexibility in labor laws will help companies in being competitive and progressive.

By easing up on labor laws, company heads can negotiate wages and terminate employment, depending on market conditions. This will lead to an increase in the company’s competitiveness.

Question 4. What are the various ways in which MNCs set up, or control production in other countries?

Answer:

Multinational Corporations (MNCs) set up their factories or production units close to markets where they can get the desired type of skilled or unskilled labor at low costs along with other factors of production.

After Ensuring These Conditions, Mncs Set Up Production Units In The Following Ways:

1. Jointly with some local companies of the existing country.
2. Buy the local companies and then expand its production with the help of modern technology.
3. They place orders for small products and sell these products under their own brand name to customers worldwide.

Question 5. Why do developed countries want developing countries to liberalize their trade and investment? What do you think should the developing countries demand in return?

Answer:

Developed countries want developing countries to liberalize their trade and investment because then the MNCs belonging to the developed countries can set up factories in less-expensive developing nations, and thereby increase profits, with lower manufacturing costs and the same sale price.

In my opinion, the developing countries should demand, in return, some manner of protection for domestic producers against competition from imports.

Also, charges should be levied on MNCs looking to set bases in developing nations.

Question 6. “The impact of globalization has not been uniform.” Explain this statement.

Answer:

“The impact of globalization has not been uniform.” It has only benefited skilled and professional persons in the urban areas, not the unskilled persons. The industrial and service sector has much gained in globalization than in agriculture.

It benefited MNCs domestic producers and the industrial working class. Small producers of goods such as batteries, capacitors, plastics, toys, tires, dairy products, and vegetable oil have been hit hard by competition from cheaper imports.

Question 7. How has liberalization of trade and investment policies helped the globalization process?

Or

In what three ways has liberalization of trade and investment policies helped the globalization process?

Answer:

Liberalization of trade and investment policies has helped the globalization process by making foreign trade and investment easier. Earlier, several developing countries had placed barriers and restrictions on imports and investments from abroad to protect domestic production.

However, to improve the quality of domestic goods, these countries have removed the barriers.

Thus, liberalization has led to a further, spread of globalization because now businesses are allowed to make their own decisions on imports and exports.

This has led to a deeper integration of national economies into one conglomerate whole.

Question 8. How does foreign trade lead to the integration of markets across countries? Explain with an example other than those given here.

Answer:

Foreign trade provides opportunities for both producers and buyers to reach beyond the markets of their own countries.

Goods travel from one country to another. Competition among producers of various countries as well as buyers prevails. Thus foreign trade leads to the integration of markets across countries.

For example, during the Diwali season, buyers in India have the option of choosing between Indian and Chinese decorative lights and bulbs. So this provides an opportunity to expand business.

Question 9. “Globalisation will continue in the future*. Can you imagine what the world would be like twenty years from now? State reasons for your answer.

Answer:

After twenty years, the world will undergo a positive change which will possess the following features—healthy competition, improved productive efficiency, increased volume of output, income and employment, better living standards, and greater availability of information and modern technology.

Reason For The Views Given Above: These Are The Favourable Factors For Globalisation:

1. Availability of human resources both quantitywise and qualitywise.
2. Broad resource and industrial base of major countries.
3. Growing entrepreneurship.
4. Growing domestic market.

Question 10. Suppose you find two people arguing: One is saying globalization has hurt our country’s development. The other is telling, globalisation is helping India develop.

How would you respond- to these organisation arguments?

Answer:

Benefits Of Globalisation Of India:

1. Increases the volume of trade in goods and services.
2. Helps in the inflow of private foreign capital and the export orientation of the economy.
3. Increases the volume of output, income, and employment.

Negative Impact/Fears Of Globalisation:

1. It may not help in achieving sustainable growth.
2. It may lead to the widening of income inequalities among various countries.
3. It may lead to aggravation of income inequalities within countries.

Whatever may be the fears of globalization, I feel that it has now become a process that is catching the fancy of more and more nations. Hence we must become ready to accept globalisation with grace and also maximise economic gains from the world market.

Question 11. Fill in the blanks.

Indian buyers have a greater choice of goods than they did two decades back. This is closely associated with the process of _______Markets in India are selling goods produced in many other countries. This means there is increasing ______ with other countries. Moreover, the rising number of brands that we see in the markets might be produced by the MNCs in India. The MNCs are investing in India because _____, While consumers have more choices in the market, the effect of rising _____ and ______has meant greater _______ among the producers.

Answer:

Indian buyers have a greater choice of goods than they did two decades back. This is closely associated with the process of globalization. Markets in India are selling goods produced in many other countries.

This means there is increasing trade with other countries. Moreover, the rising number of brands that we see in the markets might be produced by the MNCs in India.

The MNCs are investing in India because they want to earn profit. While consumers have more choices in the market, the effect of rising demand and price has meant greater competition among the producers.

Question 12. Match the following.

Answer:

(1)-(B), (2)-(E), (3)-(D), (4)-(C), (5)-(A)

Question 13. Choose the most appropriate option.

1. The past two decades of globalization have seen rapid movements in

1. Goods, services, and people between countries.
2. Goods, services, and investments between countries.
3. Goods, investments, and people between countries.

Answer: 3. Goods, services, and investments between countries.

2. The most common route for investments by MNCs in countries around the world is to

1. Set up new factories.
2. Buy existing local companies.
3. Form partnerships with local companies.
4. None of the above

Answer: 1. Set up new factories.

3. Globalisation has led to improvement in living conditions

1. Of all the people.
2. Of people in the developed countries.
3. Of workers in the developing countries.
4. None of above

Answer: 1. Of all the people.

NCERT Solutions For Class 10 Economics Chapter 4 Globalisation And The Indian Economy Short Answer Questions

Question 1. Why is sustainable development considered important for economic growth?

Answer:

It has been felt that rapid economic growth and industrialization led to the reckless exploitation of natural resources.

The stock of natural resources is limited and their use damages the environment and ecology. They cause pollution and disturb the balance in nature.

The Important Measures Are:

1. Use of renewable and clean sources of energy.
2. Less use of fossil fuels.
3. Organic farming.
4. Measures to reduce global warming.

India should enact laws and rules to protect the environment and limit the use of energy.

Question 2. ‘There is a need for rapid industrialization of India’. State three reasons.

Answer:

The need for rapid industrialization arises due to the following reasons:

1. Industrialization provides a basis for the rapid growth of income.
2. By setting up more and more industries, opportunities for employment can be provided.
3. Industries can utilize all types of resources available in the economy and can use even scraps and waste material.

Question 3. How have Indian markets been transformed in recent years? Explain with examples. (What changes have you noticed in the markets in India recently ?)

Answer:

We have a wide choice of goods and services before us in the Indian markets now. The latest models of digital cameras, mobile phones, and televisions made by the leading manufacturers of the world are within our reach. Electronics goods have become cheaper. Every season, new models of automobiles can be seen on Indian roads.

A similar explosion of brands can be seen for many other goods: from shirts to televisions to processed fruit juices. Many international food-processing companies like Coco Cola entered Indian markets.

Question 4. What is an MNC? How does it function? Or How does it spread production across the world?

Or

How do MNCs spread production across the world?

Answer:

1. MNC is the short form of Multi-National Companies. It owns or controls production in more than one nation.
2. MNCs set up offices and factories for production in regions where they can get cheap labor and other resources. This is done so that the cost of production is low and the MNCs can earn greater profits.
3. MNCs set up production units where it is close to the markets; where skilled and unskilled laborers are available at low costs; and where the availability of other factors of production is assured. In addition, MNCs might look for government policies that look after their interests.
4. At times, MNCs set up production jointly with some of the local companies of different countries.

Question 5. Why did the Government remove of India’s trade harriers?

Answer:

1. The government realised that the trade barrier affected foreign trade adversely and foreign companies hesitated to invest in India. The negative aspects of the development strategy led to the removal of trade barriers.
2. Around 1991-1992, the Government decided that the time had come for Indian producers to compete with producers around the world. It felt that competition would improve the performance of producers within the country since they would have to improve the quality.
3. This decision was supported by powerful international organizations. In the general trend of globalization and being a member of the World Trade Organisation, the Indian government removed the trade barriers.

Question 6. Examine the role of the state in protecting the environment. Write three points.

Answer:

Environmental protection means the conservation and safeguarding of people from all types of pollution. The steps taken to protect it are:

1. It makes laws to improve living conditions through environmental protection legislation.
2. The Central Pollution Board controls water and air pollution.
3. Environmental Audit has been compulsory since 1992 for all industries seeking environmental clearance.

Question 7. Mention three objectives of liberalization policy in large-scale sectors.

Answer:

Objectives Of Liberalisation Policy Are:

1. To get the favorable ratio of net profit to capital invested.
2. To seek better private and public participation in economic development and planning through profit incentives and removal of physical controls.
3. To seek private sector participation in infrastructure development.

Question 8. ‘Negative aspect of India’s development strategy prior to 1991 relating to bad performance of the public sector was the only factor to create the need for a change in economic policy’. Do you agree with this? Comment.

Answer:

No, there are other factors also.

These Are:

1. In June 1991, there was a foreign exchange crisis in the country.
2. The balance of payment deficit of India has continuously risen since 1980 – 81.
3. Sharp rise in petrol prices.
4. Fiscal deficit.
5. Increase in prices.
6. Unemployment.
7. Poverty.
8. Shortage of capital.
9. Slow economic growth.
10. Technological backwardness.

Question 9. Write any three functions of WTO.

Answer:

Four Functions Of WTO Are:

1. Administering trade agreements between nations.
2. Forum for trade negotiations.
3. Handling trade disputes.
4. Maintaining national trade policy.

Question 10. What is the impact of WTO on the Indian economy?

Answer:

The Impact Of WTO On Indian Economy Is:

1. An opportunity to India for trading with other member countries.
2. Availability of foreign technology to India at a reduced cost.
3. Many laws of WTO are unfavorable to developing countries like India.
4. Certain clauses of the WTO agreement on agriculture put restrictions on the provision of subsidized food grains in India.

Question 11. What are privatization and liberalization?

Answer:

Privatization means allowing the private sector to set up industries that were earlier reserved for the public sector.

Removing barriers or restrictions set by the government on trade is called liberalization.

Thus, privatization and liberalization result in freedom from a closed and regulated economy.

Question 12. What is a trade barrier? How can governments use trade barriers?

Or

Define trade barriers. How can the government use it?

Answer:

Any kind of restrictions imposed on trade is called a ‘trade barrier’. Governments can use trade barriers to increase or decrease (regulate) foreign trade and to decide what kinds of goods and how much of each should come into the country.

Question 13. How can MNCs spread their production?

Answer:

MNCs can spread their production by:

1. Setting up joint production units with local companies.
2. Buying local companies and expanding its production base.
3. Placing orders with small producers.

Question 14. What are the two-fold benefits to the local companies in producing goods jointly with MNCs?

Answer:

1. First, MNCs can provide money to local companies for additional investments, like buying new machines for faster production.
2. Secondly, MNCs might bring with them the latest technology for production.

Question 15. How do MNCs control production all over the world?

Or

State the ways by which MNCs expand production all over the world.

Answer:

1. The most common route for MNC investments is to buy local companies and then expand production. To take an example, Cargill Foods, a very large American MNC, has bought smaller Indian companies such as Parakh Foods.
2. There’s another way in which MNCs control production. Large MNCs place orders for production with small producers. They purchase goods like garments and footwear from these small companies and then sell these under their own brand names to the customers. These large MNCs have tremendous power to determine price, quality, delivery, and labor conditions for these distant producers.
3. They set up partnerships with local companies and expand production in some cases. Thus MNCs are exerting a strong influence on production at distant locations.

Question 16. Why is foreign trade necessary?

Or

State any three reasons, that highlight the necessity of foreign trade.

Answer:

Foreign trade creates an opportunity for the producers to reach beyond the domestic markets, and reach international markets.

Producers can sell their produce not only in markets located within the country but can also compete in markets located in other countries of the world.

Similarly, for the buyers, the import of goods produced in another country is one way of expanding the choice of goods beyond what is domestically produced. Foreign trade thus results in connecting the markets or integrating the markets in different countries.

Foreign trade promotes international understanding and economic interdependence between countries.

Question 17. Define Globalisation. How does it help international trade?

Answer:

• Globalization is the process of integration of a country’s economy with an international economy.
• According to this, Indians can buy, and sell any product or set up industries anywhere in the world or a foreigner can do it in India.
• Since restrictions on imports and exports are removed, it makes the movements of goods, services, investments, technology, and labor freely from one country to the other.

Question 18. What is the role of MNCs in the globalisation process?

Answer:

Since Multi National Companies have expanded their production across the world, they encourage the free movement of goods and services, technology, and labor from one country to the other and thus help globalization.

The development of Information Technology and the removal of restrictions imposed on imports and exports helped these companies to accelerate the process of globalization.

Question 19. What are the factors that have enabled globalisation?

Answer:

1. Rapid improvement in transportation technology has made much faster delivery of goods across long distances possible at lower costs.
2. Even the developments in information and communication technology have helped a lot. In recent times, technology in the areas of telecommunications, computers, and the Internet has been changing rapidly.
3. Telecommunication facilities (telegraph, telephone including mobile phones, fax) are used to contact one another around the world, to access information instantly, and to communicate from remote areas.
4. This has been facilitated by satellite communication devices. Liberalization of foreign trade and foreign investment policy and the removal of trade barriers by many countries have helped globalisation.
5. The establishment of the World Trade Organisation (WTO) has played an important role in encouraging globalization.

Question 20. What is a trade harrier? Why did India Government put a harrier on foreign trade?

Or

Why did the Government put a harrier on foreign tra.de? Explain.

Answer:

1. Restricting foreign trade by imposing tax on imports is called a trade barrier.
2. Governments can use trade barriers to increase or decrease (regulate) foreign trade and to decide what kind of goods and how much of each should come into the country.
3. The Indian government, after Independence, had put barriers to foreign trade and foreign investment. This was considered necessary to protect the producers within the country from foreign competition.
4. Industries were just coming up in the 1950s and 1960s, and competition from imports at that stage would not have allowed these industries to come up. Thus, India allowed imports of only essential items such as machinery, fertilizers, petroleum, etc.
5. All developed countries, during the early stages of development, have given protection to domestic producers through a variety of means.

Question 21. What is the liberalization of foreign trade?

Or

What do you understand by the concept of Liberalisation of Foreign Trade?

Answer:

Removing barriers or restrictions set by the government on foreign trade is known as liberalization. With the liberalization of trade, businesspersons are allowed to make decisions freely about what they wish to import or export.

The government removed the restrictions imposed on the private sector in import and export of goods and all the rules and regulations were relaxed.

Question 22. What is WTO? What are its two faces?

Answer:

World Trade Organisation (WTO) is an international organization set up to liberalize international trade. Starting at the initiative of the developed countries, WTO establishes rules regarding international trade and sees that these rules are obeyed. 153 countries of the world are currently members of the WTO (2011).

Though WTO is supposed to allow free trade for all, in practice, it is seen that the developed countries have unfairly retained trade barriers. On the other hand, WTO rules have forced the developing countries to remove trade barriers.

Question 23. What are the negative effects of globalization?

Answer:

1. Globalization and the pressure of competition have changed the lives of workers.
2. To stand in the global competition, many companies cut down the benefits
   given to workers, reduced their salaries, and treated them as temporary workers.
3. Jobs are no longer secure for them. Working conditions in the organized sector resemble the unorganized sector.
4. For a large number of small producers and workers, globalization has posed major challenges.
5. Batteries, capacitors, plastics, toys, tires, dairy products, and vegetable oil are some examples of small manufacturers, that have been hit hard due to competition. Several of the units have shut down rendering many workers jobless.

Question 24. How did flexibility in labor laws help companies?

Or

In what ways does the flexibility in labor laws help the companies?

Answer:

1. Companies are able to cut down the cost of production to maximize the profit. As the cost of raw materials cannot be reduced, they tried to cut labor costs.
2. Where earlier a factory used to employ workers on a permanent basis, now they employ workers only on a temporary basis so that they do not have to pay workers for the whole year and they do not have to pay any service benefits.
3. Workers also have to put in very long working hours and work night shifts on a regular basis during the peak season. Wages are low and workers are forced to work overtime to make both ends meet. Workers are denied their fair share of benefits brought about by globalization.

Question 25. What is meant by a Special Economic Zone (SEZ)?

Answer:

1. It is the short form of Special Economic Zone. Such industrial zones are set up by the government to attract foreign companies to invest in India.
2. SEZs have world-class facilities: electricity, water, roads, transport, storage, recreational and educational facilities. Companies that set up production units in the SEZs do not have to pay taxes for an initial period of five years.
3. The government has also allowed flexibility in the labor laws to attract foreign investment.

Question 26. What are the steps taken by the government to attract foreign investment in India?

Or

Describe the step taken by the government to attract foreign movement in India.

Answer:

1. India has become a member of the World Trade Union.
2. The central and state governments set up Special Economic Zones with all facilities to attract foreign investment.
3. The Government of India followed a policy of liberalization and relaxed the rules and regulations to encourage imports and exports.
4. In recent years, the government has allowed companies to ignore many rules and regulations. Flexibility in labor laws is allowed.

Question 27. What is fair globalization? What role can the Government play in having a fair globalization?

Answer:

1. Fair globalization is a measure to eliminate the negative effect of globalization. It would create opportunities for all, and ensure that the benefits of globalization are shared better by all countries.
2. The government policies must protect the interests, not only of the rich and the powerful but all the people in the country.
3. The government can ensure that labor laws are properly implemented and the workers get their rights. It can support small producers to improve their performance until the time they become strong enough to compete.
4. If necessary, the government can use trade and investment barriers. It can negotiate at the WTO for ‘fairer rules’.
5. It can also align with other developing countries with similar interests to fight against the domination of developed countries in the WTO.

Question 28. How has competition benefited people in India?

Answer:

1. Competition has helped to survive good quality products only in the market at reasonable prices, which has helped consumers. It has provided them with a lot of choice in purchasing.
2. It has helped to absorb advanced technology at work and made our labor force competent.

Question 29. Why do developed countries want developing countries to liberalize their trade and investment? What do you think should the developing countries demand in return?

Answer:

1. Developed countries want to interfere in the internal matters of developing countries. They want to dominate these poor countries in the form of neo-colonialism.
2. The developed countries want to control international trade and get a market for
   their products. They even want safe places to invest their capital to maximise
   their profit. Therefore, developed countries want developing countries to
   liberalize their trade and investment.
3. Developing countries should demand advanced technology, financial assistance with a low rate of interest, and liberalization of their immigration laws to absorb skilled laborers.

Question 30. How has liberalization of trade and investment policies helped the globalization process?

Answer:

1. It has helped in the relaxation of rules and regulations on the import and export of
   goods, which has resulted in the free movement of goods and services between countries.
2. It has helped multinational companies expand their business all over the world and integrate international markets.

Question 31. In what ways is an MNC different from the national companies? Highlight any three points of Distinction.

Or

What is the difference between an MNC and a national company?

Answer:

1. MNCs have production units all over the world whereas National companies- within the country.
2. MNCs have foreign investment whereas National Companies do not.
3. National companies have limited investment whereas MNCs have unlimited huge amounts of investment.
4. National companies produce for the local market whereas MNCs produce for the international market.
5. MNCs have direct control over WTO whereas National companies do not.

Question 32. Tax on imports is one type of trade barrier. The government could also place a limit on the number of goods that can be imported. This is known as quotas. Can you explain, using the example of Chinese toys, how quotas can be used as trade barriers? Do you think this should be used? Discuss.

Answer:

In the case of Chinese toys, quotas should be used as a trade barrier so as to limit the entry of Chinese goods and protect Indian producers. Equal footing in the market should be allowed for both Indian and Chinese goods for competition.

Complete restriction of foreign goods will hamper the process of innovation by the local producers thus harming the consumers. Too much liberalization of Chinese products may result in the complete elimination of the Indian producers leaving the consumers with no choice.

Question 33. In the example ‘Debate on Trade Practice’, we saw that the US government gives massive sums of money to farmers for production. At times, governments also give support to promote the production of certain types of goods, such as those which are environmentally friendly. Discuss whether these are fair or not.

Answer:

Supporting its own farmers at the cost of fair international trade cannot be termed as a fair practice. Supporting the production of environmentally friendly products is beneficial for the whole world and every country should follow such practices.

Question 34. How has competition benefited people in India?

Answer:

Competition has benefited the Indians in a positive way. To understand this, let us take the example of the availability of two-wheelers. Before liberalization, there were very few brands of two-wheelers; like Bajaj, Rajdoot, Bullet, and Yezdi.

If someone wanted to buy a Bajaj scooter, the waiting period used to be for a couple of years. Once the markets opened up, many companies came to India. Right now, one can buy a two-wheeler of his choice at his own convenience.

Two-wheelers can be seen even in remote villages of India. All of this could be possible because of competition.

Question 35. Should more Indian companies emerge as MNCs? How would it benefit the people in the country?

Answer:

It is desirable that more Indian companies emerge as MNCs. This will help those companies in expanding their market and thus expanding their financial muscle. This will make India a stronger economy.

A stronger economy is always beneficial for its people. The Indian MNCs too can directly benefit people through various CSR (Corporate Social Responsibility) Programmes.

Question 36. Why do governments try to attract more foreign investment?

Answer:

More foreign investment in a sector helps in increasing economic activities. This helps in employment generation. That is why governments try to attract more foreign investment.

Question 37. What was the main channel connecting countries in the past? How is it different now?

Answer:

Trade was the main channel that connected the countries in the past. Things have not changed much in the present as well. Trade still is the major channel to connect the countries.

However, tourism and study also contribute towards making the world a more interconnected place now.

Question 38. Distinguish between foreign trade and foreign investment.

Answer:

Trade with different countries is called foreign trade. It includes both import and export. Foreign investment is the inflow of capital from another country to our own country.

Foreign investment is just limited to the inward flow of capital, while foreign trade is about the flow of goods.

Question 39. “In recent years China has been importing steel from India”. Explain how the import of steel by China will affect it.

1. Steel companies in China.
2. Steel companies in India.
3. Industries buying steel for the production of other industrial goods in China.

Answer:

1. Chinese companies may find it difficult to compete with the imports.
2. Steel companies in India will see a growth in business.
3. For such companies, more options will translate into better choices.

Question 40. How will the import of steel from India into the Chinese markets lead to the integration of markets for steel in the two countries? Explain.

Answer:

The Chinese companies will make various products and those products would be selling in India as well. Thus, India can be a net exporter of the raw material and an importer of the finished goods. Because of low-cost manufacturing by Chinese companies, Indians can get various products at cheaper prices.

Question 41. What is the role of MNCs in the globalisation process?

Answer:

MNCs play an important role in the process of globalisation. They bring not only their products to a country but also new business policies and cultures. They also help in increasing competitiveness among the Indian companies.

At present, most of us are able to use the latest models of cars and this could be possible because of globalization. Because of the hordes of MNCs in our country, most of the urban Indians have become broad-minded in their outlook.

Question 42. What are the various ways in which countries can be linked?

Answer:

Countries can be linked through trade, tourism, and through educational institutions. Nowadays, internet and telecommunication are also helping in interlinking different countries of the world.

NCERT Solutions For Class 10 Economics Chapter 4 Globalisation And The Indian Economy Multiple Choice Questions

Question 1. Which of the following measures is introduced in India to attract foreign investment?

1. Establishment of SEZ
2. Establishment of private industrial estates
3. Establishment of private companies
4. All of the above.

Answer: 1. Establishment of SEZ

Question 2. Globalization has resulted into

1. Failure of large enterprise
2. Failure of small and weak enterprise
3. Failure of the MNCs
4. Any of these.

Answer: 1. Failure of large enterprise

Question 3. Flexibility in labor laws means

1. Ignoring rules necessary for organized sector
2. Possibility of hiring workers for a short period.
3. Both (1) and (2)
4. None of these.

Answer: 2. Possibility of hiring workers for a short period.

Question 4. Which of the following is a major drawback of globalisation1?

1. Rising prices
2. Low quality
3. Rising competition
4. All of the above.

Answer: 4. All of the above.

Question 5. Which of the following features is common with globalisation?

1. Improved quality
2. Greater choice of a variety
3. Lower price
4. All of these.

Answer: 4. All of these.

Question 6.Which is the most favorite industry of the MNCs

1. Cosmetics
2. Medicines
3. Cell-phones
4. All of these.

Answer: 4. All of these.

Question 7. Globalization has benefited most, which of the following in India?

1. Rural consumer
2. Normal consumer
3. Well-off urban consumer
4. None of the above

Answer: 4. All of these.

Question 8. WTO wants

1. Free trade
2. Fairtrade
3. Free and Fairtrade
4. None of these.

Answer: 3. Free and Fairtrade

Question 9. In 2006, WTO had ____ member countries.

1. 188
2. 149
3. 55
4. 200.

Answer: 2. 149

Question 10. Which of the following agencies promotes globalisation?

1. RBI
2. State Bank of India.
3. WTO
4. None of these.

Answer: 3. WTO

Question 11. Which of the following statements is true for globalisation?

1. There is no trade barrier
2. Liberalisation of foreign trade
3. Liberalization of foreign investment
4. All of these.

Answer: 4. All of these.

Question 12. Choose the correct option. Globalization, by connecting countries, shall result in

1. Lesser competition among producers
2. Greater competition among producers
3. No change in competition among producers
4. None of them.

Answer: 2. Greater competition among producers

Question 13. Which of the following is not an MNC?

1. Tata Motors
2. Infosys
3. A Sugar Mill
4. Ranbaxy

Answer: 3. A Sugar Mill

Question 14. Which of the following is true?

1. MNCs order production to small producers
2. MNCs only produce the whole production
3. MNCs get goods produced through small producers and sell under their own brand name
4. None of the above.

Answer: 3. MNCs get goods produced through small producers and sell under their own brand name

Question 15. MNCs start their operation by…

1. Providing additional investments
2. Providing latest technology
3. Providing international marketing network technology
4. All of these.

Answer: 1. Providing additional investments

Question 16. An MNC produces goods through

1. Simple Ways
2. Complex way
3. Use of unskilled labor
4. None of these

Answer: 3. Use of unskilled labor

Question 17. Which of the following is the most important function of an MNC?

1. Controls overproduction in a region.
2. Controls overproduction within a nation.
3. Controls overproduction and trading within a nation.
4. Any of these.

Answer: 3. Controls overproduction and trading within a nation.

Question 18. Which of the following had a rapid transformation in recent years in India?

1. Local trade
2. Internal trade
3. International trade
4. Market trade

Answer: 3. International trade

Question 19. Which of the following is the best example of globalisation? 

1. MNCs
2. Domestic Trade
3. Local Trade
4. All of these.

Answer: 1. MNCs

Question 20. Liberalisation means

1. Free trade
2. No government interference
3. Private trade
4. Any of these

Answer: 1. Free trade

Question 21. Globalization, by connecting countries, shall result in.

1. Less competition among producers.
2. Greater competition among producers.
3. No change in competition among producers.

Answer: 2. Greater competition among producers.

NCERT Solutions For Class 10 Economics Chapter 4 Globalisation And The Indian Economy Statement Based Questions

Question 1. In the following example, underline the words describing the use of technology in production and answer the question based on it.

1. A news magazine published for London readers is to be designed and printed in Delhi. The text of the magazine is sent through the Internet to the Delhi office. The designers in the Delhi office get orders on how to design the magazine from the office in London using telecommunication facilities. The design is done on a computer. After printing, the magazines are sent by air to London. Even the payment of money for designing and printing from a bank in London to a bank in Delhi is done instantly through the Internet, (e-banking)!
2. How is information technology connected with globalization? Would globalization have been possible without the expansion of IT?

Answer:

1. The words that describe the technology in the above example are the Internet, telecommunication facilities, design, and printing.
2. Information Technology has played an important role in the process of globalization. It has helped people to get connected to different corners of the world. This has been made possible through the Internet. The use of the internet has dramatically transformed the way business is conducted around the world. Nowadays, physical products are also being transformed through the Internet along with other services. It is only because of information technology that globalization has taken such a vast form. It has been effective and profitable with the use of information technology.

Question 2. Complete the following statement to show how the production process in the garment industry is spread across countries.

The brand tag says ‘Made in Thailand but they are not Thai products. We dissect the manufacturing process and look for the best solution at each step.
We are doing it globally. In making garments, the company may, for example, get cotton fiber from Korea, ……..

Answer:

Ward and buttons from France, designed the garment in Italy, manufactured cloth in China, garment stitched in Thailand, and sold them all over the world.

Question 3. Fill in the blanks.

WTO was started at the initiative of 1 country. The aim of the WTO is to 2. WTO establishes rules regarding 3 or all countries and sees that 4. In practice, trade between countries is not 5. Developing countries like India have 6. whereas developed countries, in many cases, have continued to provide protection to their producers.

Answer:

1. developed
2. liberalize
3. International trade
4. these rules are obeyed
5. fully free
6. remove trade barriers

NCERT Solutions For Class 10 Economics Chapter 4 Globalisation And The Indian Economy Passage-Based Questions

Question 1. Read the passage and answer the questions.

Ford Motors, an American company. Read the passage and answer the question is one of the world’s largest automobile manufacturers with production spread over 26 countries of the world. Ford Motors came to India in 1995 and spent ₹1700 crore to set up a large plant near Chennai. This was done in collaboration with Mahindra and Mahindra, a major Indian manufacturer of jeeps and trucks. By the year 2004, Ford Motors was selling 27,000 cars in the Indian markets, while 24,000 cars were exported from India to South Africa, Mexico, and Brazil. The company wants to develop Ford India as a component supplying base for its other plants across the globe.

1. Would you say Ford Motors is an MNC? Why?

Answer:

Yes, because Ford Motors has production facilities spread over 26 countries of the world. Hence, it can be termed as an MNC.

2. In what ways will the production of cars by Ford Motors in India lead to the interlinking of production?

Answer:

The company is making engines and bodies at its plant. It is procuring other components from various suppliers which operate in India. Even the designing of some of the new models has been done in India. So, India is providing a perfect base for all the operations related to the production of cars for the Ford Motor. Hence, it can be said that proper interlinking of production is happening in India for this company.

Question 2. What can be done by each of the following so that the workers can get a fair share of benefits brought by globalisation’?

1. Government
2. Employers at the exporting factories
3. MNCs
4. Workers.

Answer:

1. The government should enforce rules and regulations to safeguard the interests of workers.
2. Employers should provide good salaries, social security net, and other facilities to the workers.
3. MNCs should refuse to procure from those manufacturers who do not provide proper facilities to their workers.
4. Workers should be aware of their rights. They should form unions so that they can have bargaining leverage with their employers.

Question 3. Recent studies point out that small producers in India need three things to compete better in the market

1. Better roads, power, water, raw materials, marketing and information network
2. Improvements and modernization of technology
3. Timely availability of credit at reasonable interest rates.

1. Can you explain how these three things would help Indian producers?
2. Do you think the MNCs will be interested in investing in these? Why?
3. Do you think the government has a role in making these facilities available? Why?
4. Can you think of any other step that the government could take? Discuss.

Answer:

1. Better and improved infrastructure, improved and modernized technology, and credit facilities would certainly affect:
   • The quality of products (of international standard),
   • The per unit cost of production would come down and
   • Indian goods would stand in competition in world markets.
2. MNC’s main motive is to earn huge profits and amass a lot of wealth. So, they are only interested in investing in those goods and services that fill their coffers in a short time.
   • As they want quick returns; they would be least interested in investing in those items that do not bring them quick returns. As such, they may not be interested in investing in these areas.
3. Since these facilities cannot and will not be provided by both private capital and foreign capital, the government has to step in and assume responsibility for investing in these areas.
4. Besides providing these facilities, the government can undertake training programs to upgrade the management skills of small producers.

The government also takes the initiative to upgrade the skill levels of workers and other personnel working in these activities. In other words, the government must invest in human development programs.

NCERT Solutions For Class 10 Economics Chapter 5 Consumer Rights Important Concepts And Terms

Consumer: A person who sells or buys any goods or services in the markets.

Buyer: A person who buys goods from the market and consumes them.

Consumer Exploitation: Exploitation of consumers by producers and traders through unfair and deceptive trade practices.

Consumer Awareness: Educating the consumers about their rights and duties. Adulteration: Mixing of some inferior cheap products with other products.

NCERT Solutions For Class 10 Economics Flowchart

NCERT Solutions For Class 10 Economics Chapter 5 Consumer Rights Exercises

Question 1. Why are rules and regulations required in the marketplace? Illustrate with a few examples.

Or

Why do we need rules and regulations to ensure the protection of consumers?

Answer:

Rules and regulations are required in the marketplace to protect consumers. Sellers often abdicate responsibility for a low-quality product, cheat in weighing out goods, add extra charges over the retail price, and sell adulterated/defective goods.

Hence, rules and regulations are needed to protect the scattered buyers from powerful and fewer producers who monopolize markets. For example, a grocery shop owner might sell expired products, and then blame the customer for not checking the date of expiry before buying the items.

Question 2. What factors gave birth to the consumer movement in India? Trace its evolution.

Answer:

The factors that gave birth to the consumer movement in India are manifold. It started as a “social force” with the need to protect and promote consumer interests against unfair and unethical trade practices.

Extreme food shortages, hoarding, black marketing, and adulteration of food led to the consumer movement becoming an organized arena in the 1960s. Till the 1970s, consumer organizations were mostly busy writing articles and holding exhibitions.

More recently, there has been an upsurge in the number of consumer groups who have shown concern towards ration shop malpractices and overcrowding of public transport vehicles. In 1986, the Indian government enacted the Consumer Protection Act, also known as COPRA. This was a major step in the consumer movement in India.

Question 3. Explain the need for consumer consciousness by giving two examples.

Answer:

Consumer consciousness is being aware of your right as a consumer while buying any goods or services.

Example:

1. It is common to see consumers bargaining with sellers for additional discounts below the MRP.
2. Because of conscious consumers, most of the sweet shops do not include the weight of the container when they weigh sweets.

Question 4. Mention a few factors that cause the exploitation of consumers.

Answer:

Factors that cause the Exploitation Of Consumers Are:

• Lack of awareness of consumer rights among buyers.
• Improper and inadequate monitoring of rules and regulations.
• The individual purchase quantity is quite small.
• Consumers are scattered over large areas.

Question 5. What is the rationale behind the enactment of the Consumer Protection Act 1986?

Answer:

The rationale behind the enactment of COPRA 1986 was to set up a separate department of consumer affairs in Central and State governments. It has enabled us as consumers to have the right to represent in a consumer court.

Question 6. Describe some of your duties as a consumer if you visit a shopping complex in your locality.

Answer:

Some of my duties as a consumer, if I visit a shopping complex, include checking the expiry dates of the products I wish to purchase, paying only the maximum retail price printed on the goods, preventing shopkeepers from duping me with defective products, and registering a complaint with a consumer forum or court in case a seller refuses to take responsibility for an adulterated or flawed product.

Question 7. Suppose you buy a bottle of honey and a biscuit packet. Which logo or mark you will have to look for and why?

Answer:

We should look for the Agmark symbol before buying food items because this mark is certified by the government and assures the quality of the product.

Question 8. What legal measures were taken by the government to empower the consumers in India?

Answer:

Legal measures taken by the government to empower consumers in India are plenty. First and foremost it was the COPRA in 1986.

Then, in October 2005, the Right to Information Act was passed, ensuring citizens all information about the functioning of government departments.

Also, under COPRA, a consumer can appeal in state and national courts, even if his case has been dismissed at the district level. Thus, consumers even have the right to represent themselves in consumer courts now.

Question 9. Mention some of the rights of consumers and write a few sentences on each.

Answer:

Some Of The Rights Of Consumers Are As Follows:

Right To Choice: Any consumer who receives a service in whatever capacity, regardless of age, gender, and nature of service, has the right to choose whether to continue to receive that service. Under this right, a consumer may also choose any one of the various brands of a product (say, a refrigerator) available in the market.

Right To Redressal: Consumers have the right to seek redressal against unfair
trade practices and exploitation.

Right To Represent: The act has enabled us as consumers to have the right to represent in the consumer courts.

Question 10. By what means can the consumers express their solidarity?

Answer:

Consumers can express their solidarity by forming consumer groups that write articles or hold exhibitions against traders’ exploitation. These groups guide individuals on how to approach a consumer court, and they even fight cases for consumers.

Such groups receive financial aid from the government to create public awareness. Participation of one and all will further strengthen consumer solidarity.

Question 11. Critically examine the progress of the consumer movement in India.

Or

Describe the progress of the consumer movement in India.

Answer:

The consumer movement in India has evolved vastly since it began. There has been a significant change in consumer awareness in the country.

Till the enactment of “COPRA in 1986, the consumer movement did not bear much force, but ever” since its inception, the movement has been empowered substantially. The setting up of consumer courts and consumer groups has been a progressive move.

However, in contemporary India, the consumer redressal process is quite complicated, expensive, and time-consuming. Filing cases, attending court proceedings, hiring lawyers, and other procedures make it cumbersome.

In India, there are over 700 consumer groups of which, unfortunately, only about 20-26 are well-organized and functioning smoothly.

Question 12. Match the following:

Answer:

(1)-(E), (2)-(C), (3)-(A), (4)-(B), (5)-(F), (6)-(D)

Question 13. Say True or False.

1. COPRA applies only to goods.
Answer: False

2. India is one of the many countries in the world which has exclusive courts for consumer redressal.
Answer: True

3. When a consumer feels that he has been exploited, he must file a case in the District Consumer Court.
Answer: True

4. It is worthwhile to move to consumer courts only if the damages incurred are of high value.
Answer: True

5. Hallmark is the certification maintained for the standardization of jewelry.
Answer: True

6. The consumer redressal process is very simple and quick.
Answer: False

7. A consumer has the right to get compensation depending on the degree of the damage.
Answer: True

NCERT Solutions For Class 10 Economics Chapter 5 Consumer Rights Questions And Answers

Question 1. What do you understand by consumer protection? 
Answer:

By consumer protection, we mean the protection of the consumers against the unfair and malpractices adopted by businessmen. These may be grouped mainly into two categories.

1. Government measures
2. Voluntary measures

Question 2. Why is COPRA enacted in India?

Answer:

Consumer Protection Act 1986 (COPRA) is enacted in India with the following motives:

1. To pressurize business firms.
2. To correct unfair business conduct.
3. To protect the interests of the consumers.

Read and Learn More Class 10 Social Science Solutions

Question 3. How do the logos ISI, Agmark, or Hallmark help consumers?

Answer:

These logos and certifications help consumers get assured of quality while purchasing goods and services.

The organizations that monitor and issue the certificates allow the producers to use these logos provided they follow certain quality standards.

Question 4. What is adulteration?

Answer:

When some foreign matter, injurious to health, is mixed with any goods or natural products, it is called adulteration. This is the most heinous crime against humanity.

Question 5. Mention a few organizations that provide certification of standardization in India. What do you mean by ISO?

Answer:

1. BIS and ISI
2. AGMARK
3. HALLMARK

It means International Organisation for Standardisation which has its headquarters at Geneva. It does the Standardisation work at the international level.

Question 6. What is the need for consumer awareness?
Answer:

The need for consumer awareness was felt because both the manufacturers and traders could go to any extent out of their selfishness.

They can charge high prices, and resort to underweight and under-measurement methods. Their lust for money may lead to loss of money and the health of consumers.

Question 7. What are the various kinds of protection required to promote development?

Answer:

1. Protection of workers in the unorganized sector,
2. Protection of people from high interest rates charged by moneylenders in the informal sector,
3. Protection of consumers from unfair trade practices, and the various other kinds of protection required to promote development.
4. Similarly, rules and regulations are also required to protect the environment.

Question 8. Why are rules and regulations required in the marketplace? Illustrate with a few examples.

Or

“Rules and regulations are required in the marketplace”. Explain with examples.

Answer:

1. Consumers are exploited in a number of ways in the market. Individual consumers often find it difficult to protect their interests. Therefore, rules and regulations are required to protect the interests of consumers.
2. Sometimes traders indulge in unfair trade practices such as underweight and under measurement, adulteration, hoarding, etc.
3. Whenever a complaint regarding goods or services is made, the seller tries to shift all the responsibility onto the buyer.
4. Certain rules and regulations are required for the markets to work in a fair manner when producers are few and powerful whereas consumers purchase in small amounts and are scattered.

Question 9. What factors gave birth to the consumer movement in India? Trace its evolution.

Or

“Trace out the evolution of consumer movement in India.

Answer:

1. In India, the consumer movement as a ‘social force’ originated with the necessity of protecting and promoting the interests of consumers against unethical and unfair trade practices.
2. Whenever a complaint regarding goods or services is made, the seller tries to shift all the responsibility onto the buyer.
3. Rampant (unchecked) food shortages, hoarding, black marketing, and adulteration of food items gave birth to the consumer movement in an organized form in the 1960s.
4. Till the 1970s, consumer organizations were largely engaged in writing articles and holding exhibitions. They formed consumer groups to look into the malpractices in ration shops and overcrowding in the road passenger transport only. More recently, India witnessed an upsurge in the number of consumer groups.

Question 10. Mention a few factors that cause the exploitation of consumers

Answer:

The Factors Causing The Exploitation Of The Consumers Are The Following

Question 11. Why are defective or low-quality goods available in the market?
Answer:

1. Since most of the consumers are illiterate and ignorant, traders find it easy to exploit them. With the greed of making enormous profits, they manufacture and sell such goods.
2. We do find bad quality products in the market because the supervision of the rules and regulations is weak, and the consumer movement is not strong enough. There are loopholes in the laws to protect them.

Question 12. What are the pieces of information that a consumer should gather before purchasing a product?

Answer:

1. The pieces of information are about ingredients used, price, batch number, date of manufacture, expiry date and the address of the manufacturer, aftersales service, etc.
2. When we buy medicines, on the packets, we find ‘directions for proper use’ and information relating to side effects and risks associated with the usage of that medicine. When we buy garments, we find information on ‘instructions for washing’.

Question 13. What are the various ways by which people may be exploited in the market?

Answer:

Some Of The Ways By Which People May Be Exploited In The Market Are As Follows:

1. The shopkeeper may underweight an item.
2. Things past their use-by date may be sold.
3. White goods with some manufacturing defects may be sold.
4. Automobiles with engine defects may be sold.

Question 14. Think of one example from your experience where you thought that there was some ‘cheating in the market.

Answer:

Sellers often cheat the consumer by consumer by selling lower quality goods, than that for which the price has been paid incorrect standards of weight or measurement is adopted in place of legally prescribed standards for the purpose of profit-making.

Example: yesterday when I bought a fish from the market. I always doubt that he underweights the fish. I have cross-checked at my home and found my doubt to be true. Whenever I have tried to argue with the fish-seller, he tends to become too aggressive.

Question 15. What do you think should be the role of government to protect consumers?

Answer:

The government should formulate rules and regulations so that producers will maintain a certain minimum level of quality. The government should enforce rules regarding weights and measures.

Any company that makes false claims about a product should be immediately brought to book. Cases relating to consumer complaints should be solved at a faster pace.

Question 16. What could have been the steps taken by consumer groups’?

Answer:

Consumer groups should increase public awareness about consumer rights. Consumer groups should see to it that every case regarding consumer complaints reaches its logical conclusion.

Question 17. There may be rules and regulations but they are often not followed. Why? Discuss.

Answer:

There are various reasons for rules and regulations not being followed. Public apathy is the biggest reason. We as consumer try to avoid confrontation over trivial issues and most of the cases go unreported.

Corruption is another reason, which allows the culprit to go scot-free. Unnecessary delay in the proceedings also works as a demotivator for many people.

Question 18. How does displaying the information about the product help consumers?

Answer:

1. It helps consumers to choose the best product after knowing the information given by different products. It helps the consumers to use the product effectively.
2. It complies with the right of the consumers to be informed and to seek remedy through courts.

Question 19. Why are rules made to display information by the manufacturers?

Answer:

Rules Are Made Because

1. It is the right of consumers to be informed.
2. Consumers can complain and ask for compensation or replacement if the product proves defective.
3. Similarly, consumers can protest and complain if someone sells goods at more than the MRP (Maximum Retail Price).

Question 20. Describe some of your duties as a consumer.

Answer:

1. We should choose a brand product that is reliable, worth buying, and is manufactured according to government specifications or which has an ISI or Agmark certification.
2. Check the product thoroughly and know information about ingredients used, price, batch number, date of manufacture, side effect or health hazard, expiry date and the address of the manufacturer, aftersales service, etc.
3. Insist on cash bill and warrantee card if available and retain it till the expiry date.

Question 21. What were the legal measures taken by the government to empower the consumers in India?

Or

Describe the steps taken by the government to empower the consumers.

Answer:

A major step taken in 1986 by the Indian government was the passing of the Consumer Protection Act 1986, popularly known as COPRA.

In October 2005, the Government of India enacted a law, popularly known as RTI (Right to Information) Act, which ensures its citizens, all the information about the functions of government departments.

Under COPRA, three-tier quasi-judicial machinery at the district, state, and national levels was set up for redressal of consumer disputes.

The district-level court deals with cases involving claims up to ₹ 20 lakh, the state-level courts between ₹ 20 lakh and 1 crore, and the national-level court deals with cases involving claims exceeding ₹ 1 crore.

If a case is dismissed in district-level court, the consumer can also appeal in state and then in National level courts.

Question 22. When we buy commodities we find that the price charged is sometimes higher or lower than the Maximum Retail Price printed on the pack. Discuss the possible reasons. Should consumer groups do something about this?

Answer:

The shopkeeper is at liberty to sell a product at a price lower than the MRP mentioned on the packet of a product. He may do so to attract more customers and develop long-term relationships with them.

He may be charging a lower price than the MRP as he might be giving duplicate or inferior quality goods or outdated medicine, eatables, etc. But in case he charges a higher price than the MRP, a complaint can be lodged against him.

In such a situation, consumer groups can mobilize public opinion against him and can file a suit against him in the consumer court.

Question 23. Pick up a few packaged goods that you want to buy and examine the information given. In what ways are they useful? Is there some information that you think should be given on those packaged goods but is not? Discuss.

Answer:

When you buy any packaged goods you will find such details given on the package;

1. Date of manufacture,
2. Date of expiry, and
3. MRP. This will enable you to know:
   1. Whether the product is outdated or not, and
   2. The seller is not overcharging.

But sometimes, we find that the price demanded by the seller is quite higher than the MRP.

It would mean the seller is exploiting and cheating you. So, it is necessary that the following information is also provided.

1. Actual cost to the producer;
2. Taxes (if any), transportation charges;
3. Maximum dealers margin.

By providing the above information, the consumer will come to know about the fairness of the producer as well as the dealer.

Question 24. By what means can consumers express their solidarity?

Answer:

1. By observing 24 December as the National Consumers Day.
2. By forming Consumer Protection Councils.
3. By seeking remedy through Consumer Courts in the case of violation of consumer laws, and
4. By getting consumer education and knowing their rights and duties, consumers can express their solidarity.

Question 25. What is the difference between the Consumer Protection Council and Consumer Courts?

Answer:

Consumer Protection Councils are formed by consumers of a city or. an area. It is a non-government voluntary organization. Consumer Courts are set up by the Government.

Consumer courts can fine or punish the sellers or manufacturers who follow unfair trade practices whereas the Consumer Protection Council can develop consumer awareness among the people and help consumers to lodge complaints against the sellers or manufacturers who follow unfair trade practices. In many cases, they represent individual consumers in the courts.

Question 26. Explain with examples how the Government of India protects the interest of the consumers by standardization of products.

Answer:

1. BIS: Standardisation of product is a technical measure. It is achieved through.
   • Bureau of Indian Standards (BIS), earlier known as the Indian Standard Institute (ISI) for industrial and consumer goods.
   • An ISI or BIS-certified product is manufactured according to the specifications given by the Government. Consumers can trust these products.
2. AGMARK: It is given for the standardization of agricultural products. Agmark is implemented under the Agricultural Produce (Grading and Marketing) Act, 1937, amended in 1986.

It is implemented by the DMI- Directorate of Marketing and Intelligence, in the Ministry of Agriculture. Good products with high quality only will be given this standardization.

Question 27. What is a three-tier quasi-judicial machinery set up for the redressal of consumer disputes?

Or

Describe the three-tier quasi-judicial system set up for the redressal of consumer disputes.

Answer:

A three-tier system of courts is set up in India at different levels.

1. The District Level Courts or District Forums deal with cases involving claims up to 20 lakh.
2. The State Level Courts are known as the State Consumer Commission. They deal with cases for claims between rupees twenty lakh and one crore.
3. The National Consumer Commission is at the national level. It deals with cases for claims exceeding one crore. If a case is dismissed in the District Forum, it can be appealed in the State Level Courts and later at the National Level Courts.

Question 28. Analyze the meaning of the right to choose provided under the Consumer Protection Act.

Answer:

Right To Choose: It is the assurance of the availability of goods and services with quality at competitive prices.

1. Consumers can choose any product of any brand that gives them the maximum satisfaction.
2. It is the right of the consumers to choose a product, which is durable, economical, and worth buying.
3. Consumers can choose a product that assures quality and provides aftersales services at a fair price.
4. No seller can force a consumer to buy a product that the consumer doesn’t like.

There are situations like the gas connection which will be provided only if the consumers purchase gas stoves from the dealer. It goes against the right to choose.

Question 29. What is the importance of logos and certification? How does it help consumers?

Answer:

1. Logos and certification help consumers to be assured of quality while purchasing goods and services.
2. The organizations that monitor and issue these certifications allow producers to produce according to government specifications and to use their logos for their products.
3. It is not compulsory that all producers follow standards in their production. However, for some products that affect the health and safety of consumers or of products of mass consumption like LPG cylinders, cement, food colors, etc., it is mandatory on the part of the producers to get certified by their organizations.

NCERT Solutions For Class 10 Economics Chapter 5 Consumer Rights Value-Based Questions

Question 1. Imagine yourself to be an entrepreneur of a branded product. List any three values that you will abide by while marketing your product.

Answer:

As an entrepreneur of a branded product, I shall abide by the following values while marketing my product:

1. Social responsibility
2. Ethical behaviour
3. Abiding by the laws
4. Honesty/integrity
5. Personal responsibility
6. Self-discipline

Question 2. While shopping if you insist on a bill for the purchase made, which four values would you display as a consumer?

Answer:

As a consumer, while insisting on a bill for the purchase made by me, I shall display the following values:

1. Awareness of one’s rights
2. Sharing responsibilities
3. Responsibility as a consumer
4. Ensuring social justice

NCERT Solutions For Class 10 Economics Chapter 5 Consumer Rights Multiple Choice Questions

Question 1. When we do not get proper information about the quality of goods, their expiry date, or the address of the producer, we file a complaint against the shopkeeper. Which of the following rights do we avail of?

1. Right to safety
2. Right to choose
3. Right to be informed
4. None of these.

Answer: 3. Right to be informed

Question 2. When is National Consumer’s Day?

1. 24th December
2. 15th March
3. 21st January
4. None of these.

Answer: 1. 24th December

Question 3. Industrial goods with pure quality should hear the mark of

1. Hallmark
2. Agmark
3. BIS or ISI
4. Any of these

Answer: 3. BIS or ISI

Question 4. Cases with disputes of more than ₹ 1 crore should be filed in the courts at

1. National level
2. State level
3. District level
4. Anywhere.

Answer: 1. National level

Question 5. For dispute cases up ₹ 20 lakh should he fill in which of the following courts?

1. At District level
2. At State level
3. At National level
4. Any of these

Answer: 1. At District level

Question 6. Under COPRA 986, a case against consumer exploitation can be filed in which of the following courts?

1. At District Level
2. At State Level
3. At National level
4. All the above

Answer: 4. All the above

Question 7. Which of the following rights was given in COPRA 1986?

1. Right to be informed
2. Right to safety
3. Right to seek Redressal
4. All the above

Answer: 4. All the above

Question 8. When was the Consumer Protection Act enacted by the Indian Parliament?

1. 1991
2. 1985
3. 1986
4. None of these.

Answer: 3. 1986

Question 9. When did Consumers International originate in the United Nations?

1. 1985
2. 1973
3. 1986
4. 1991

Answer: 1. 1985

Question 10. Consumer protection is needed against the purchases of

1. Goods
2. Services
3. Both (1) and (2)
4. None.

Answer: 3. Both (1) and (2)

NCERT Solutions For Class 10 Economics Chapter 5 Consumer Rights Skill-Based Questions

Question 1. For the following (you can add to the list) products and services discuss what safety rules should be observed by the producer.

1. LPG cylinder

Answer: Rules regarding safety

2. Cinema theatre

Answer: Rules regarding fire safety

3. Circus

Answer: Rules regarding fire safety and ethical treatment of animals

4. Medicines

Answer: Rules regarding expiry date, information of ingredients, and side effects

5. Edible oil

Answer: Rules regarding food safety

6. Marriage pandal

Answer: Rules regarding fire safety

7. A high-rise building

Answer: Rules regarding fire safety and provisions for evacuation in case of emergency

Question 2. Find out any case of accident or negligence from people around you, where you think that the responsibility lies with the producer. Discuss.

Answer:

Recently, one of my neighbors purchased a car. The steering system of the car was defective. The driver was lucky to survive a minor accident with small injuries.

Within a few days of that accident, the car company announced a recall of aboutm50,000 cars to rectify the problem.

Question 3. The following are some of the catchy advertisements of products that we purchase from the market. Which of the following offers would really benefit consumers? Discuss.

1. 15 gm more in every 500 gm pack.
2. Subscribe to a newspaper with a gift at the end of the year.
3. Scratch and win gifts worth ₹ 10 lakh.
4. A milk chocolate inside a 500-gram glucose box.
5. Win a gold coin inside a pack.
6. Buy shoes worth ₹ 2000 and get one pair of shoes worth ₹ 500 free.

Answer:

Free items that can be claimed are always beneficial for the consumers. But the promise of some prize; like a gold coin or ₹ 10 lakh; is just eyewash. It has never been heard that someone has won ₹ 10 lakh after buying some item.

Question 4. Arrange the following in the correct order:

1. Arita files a case in the District Consumer Court.
2. She engages a professional person.
3. She realizes that the dealer has given her defective material.
4. She starts attending the court proceedings.
5. She goes and complains to the dealer and the Branch office, to no effect.
6. She is asked to produce the bill and warranty before the court.
7. She purchases a wall clock from a retail outlet.
8. Within a few months, the dealer was ordered by the court to replace her old wall clock with a brand-new one at no extra cost.

Answer:

7. She purchases a wall clock from a retail outlet.

3. She realizes that the dealer has given her defective material.

5. She goes and complains to the dealer and the Branch office, to no effect.

2. She engages a professional person.

1. Arita files a case in the District Consumer Court.

6. She is asked to produce the bill and warranty before the court.

2. She starts attending the court proceedings.

7. Within a few months, the dealer was ordered by the court to replace her old wall clock with a brand-new one at no extra cost.

Question 5. The Consumer Protection Act 1986 ensures the following as rights which every consumer in India should possess:

1. Right to choice.
2. Right to information.
3. Right to redressal.
4. Right to representation.
5. Right to safety.
6. Right to consumer education.

Categorize the following cases under different heads and mark each in brackets.

1. Lata got an electric shock from a newly purchased iron. She complained to the shopkeeper immediately.
2. John has been dissatisfied with the services provided by MTNL/BSNL/TATAINDICOM for the past few months. He files a case in the District Level Consumer Forum.
3. Your friend has been sold a medicine that has crossed the expiry date and you are advising her to lodge a complaint
4. Iqbal makes it a point to scan through all the particulars given on the pack of item that he buys.
5. You are not satisfied with the services of the cable operator catering to your locality but you are unable to switch over to anybody else.
6. You realize that you have received a defective camera from a dealer. You are complaining to the head office persistently.

Answer:

1. Right to safety.
2. Right to redressal
3. Right-to-consumer education
4. Right to information,
5. Right to choice
6. Right to representation

NCERT Solutions For Class 10 Economics Chapter 3 Money And Credit Important Concepts And Terms

Barter System: A system of exchange of goods with goods without the use of money.

Financial System: An institution through which financial surplus in the economy is mobilized.

Money: Anything that can be accepted as a medium of exchange.

Collateral: An asset that the borrowers own and use as a guarantee to the lender until the loan is repaid.

Credit: An agreement in which the lender supplies the borrower with money, goods, or services in return for the promise of future payment.

Cheque: A cheque is a paper instruction to a bank by the depositor to make a stipulated payment to the person in whose favor the cheque is made.

Paper Money: Currency note issued by the central government.

Debt-trap: A situation in which borrowers find it difficult to repay the loan.

NCERT Solutions For Class 10 Economics Chapter 3 Money And Credit Flowchart

NCERT Solutions For Class 10 Economics Chapter 3 Money And Credit Exercises

Question 1. In situations with high risks, credit might create further problems for the borrower. Explain.

Answer:

In situations with high risks, credit might create further problems for the borrower. This is also known as a debt trap.

Taking credit involves an interest rate on the loan and if this is not paid back, the borrower is forced to give up his collateral or asset used as a guarantee, to the lender.

If a farmer takes a loan for crop production and the crop fails, loan payment becomes impossible. To repay the loan the farmer may sell a part of his land making the situation worse than before.

Thus, in situations with high risks, if the risks affect a borrower badly, he ends up losing more than he would have without the loan.

Question 2. How does money solve the problem of double coincidence of wants? Explain with an example of your own.

Answer:

In a barter system where goods are directly exchanged without the use of money, double coincidence of wants is an essential feature.

By serving as a medium of exchange, money removes the need for a double coincidence of wants and the difficulties associated with the barter system.

For example, it is no longer necessary for the farmer to look for a book publisher who will buy his cereals and at the same time sell him books.

All he has to do is find a buyer for his cereals. If he has exchanged his cereals for money, he can purchase any goods or services that he needs. This is because money acts as a medium of exchange.

Question 3. How do banks mediate between those who have surplus money and those who need money?

Answer:

Banks keep a small portion of deposits as cash (15%) for themselves (to pay the depositors on demand).

They use the major portion of the deposits to extend loans to those who need money. In this way, banks mediate between those who have surplus money and those who need money.

Question 4. Look at a 10-rupee note. What is written on the top? Can you explain this statement?

Answer:

“Reserve Bank of India” and “Guaranteed by the Central Government” are written on the top. In India, the Reserve Bank of India issues currency notes on behalf of the Central Government.

The statement means that the currency is authorized or guaranteed by the Central Government. That is, Indian law legalizes the use of rupees as a medium of payment that cannot be refused in setting transactions in India.

Question 5. Why do we need to expand formal sources of credit in India?

Answer:

We need to expand formal sources of credit in India due to reduce dependence on informal sources of credit because the latter charge high interest rates and do not benefit the borrower much.

1. Cheap and affordable credit is essential for a country’s development.
2. Banks and co-operatives should increase their lending, particularly in rural areas.

Question 6. What is the basic idea behind the SHGs for the poor? Explain in your own words.

Answer:

The basic idea behind the SHGs is to provide a financial resource for the poor through organising the rural poor especially women, into small Self Help Groups.

They also provide timely loans at a responsible interest rate without collateral. Thus, the main objectives of the SHGs are:

1. To organise rural poor especially women into small Self Help Groups.
2. To collect the savings of their members.
3. To provide loans without collateral.
4. To provide timely loans for a variety of purposes.
5. To provide loans at responsible rates of interest and easy terms.
6. To provide a platform to discuss and act on a variety of social issues such as education, health, nutrition, domestic violence, etc.

Question 7. What are the reasons why the banks might not be willing to lend to certain borrowers?

Answer:

The banks might not be willing to lend to certain borrowers due to the following reasons:

1. Banks require proper documents and collateral as security against loans. Some persons fail to meet these requirements.
2. For borrowers who have not repaid previous loans, the banks might not be willing to lend them further.
3. The banks might not be willing to lend to those entrepreneurs who are going to invest in a business with high risks.
4. One of the principal objectives of a bank is to earn more profits after meeting a number of expenses. For this purpose, it has to adopt judicious loan and investment policies which ensure fair and stable returns on the funds.

Question 8. In what ways does the Reserve Bank of India supervise the functioning of banks? Why is this necessary?

Or

How does the Reserve Bank of India supervise the functioning of Banks? Why is this necessary?

Answer:

The Reserve Bank of India supervises the functioning of banks in a number of – ways:

1. Commercial banks are required to hold part’ of their cash reserves with the RBI. It (RBI) ensures that the banks maintain a minimum cash balance out of – the deposits they receive.
2. RBI observes that the banks give loans not just to profit-making businessmen and traders but also to small cultivators, small-scale industries, small borrowers, etc.
3. The commercial banks have to submit information to the RBI on how much they are lending, to whom, at what interest rate, etc.

This is necessary to ensure equality in the economy of the country and protect especially small depositors, farmers, small-scale industries, small borrowers, etc. In this process, RBI also acts as the lender of the last resort to the banks.

Question 9. Analyze the role of credit for development.

Answer:

Cheap and affordable credit plays a crucial role for the country’s development. There is a huge demand for loans for various economic activities. The credit helps people to meet the ongoing expenses of production and thereby develop their business.

Many people could then borrow for a variety of different needs. They could grow crops, do business, set up industries, etc. In this way, credit plays a vital role in the development of a country.

Question 10. Manav needs a loan to set up a small business. On what basis will Manav decide – whether to borrow from the bank or the moneylender? Discuss.

Answer:

Manav will decide whether to borrow from the bank or the moneylender on the basis of the following terms of credit:

1. Rate of interest.
2. Requirements include the availability of collateral and documentation required by the banker.
3. Mode of repayment.

Depending on these factors and of course, easier terms of repayment, Manav has to decide whether he has to borrow from the bank or the moneylender.

Question 11. In India, about 80% of farmers are small farmers, who need credit for cultivation.

1. Why might banks be unwilling to lend to small farmers?
2. What are the other sources from which the small farmers can borrow?
3. Explain with an example how the terms of credit can be unfavorable for small farmers.
4. Suggest some ways by which small farmers can get cheap credit.

Answer:

1. Bank loans require proper documents and collateral as security against loans.
2. But most of the time the small farmers lack in providing such documents and collateral. Besides, at times they even fail to repay the loan in time because of the uncertainty of the crop. So, banks might be unwilling to lend to small farmers.
3. Apart from banks, small farmers can borrow from local money lenders, agricultural traders, big landlords, cooperatives, SHGs, etc.
4. The terms of credit can be unfavourable for small farmers which can be -explained by the following:
5. Example: Ramu, a small farmer borrows from a local moneylender at a high rate of interest, i.e., 10 percent to grow rice. But the crop is hit by drought and it fails. As a result, Ramu has to sell a part of the land to repay the loan. Now his condition has become worse than before.
6. Small farmers can get cheap credit from different sources like – Banks, Agricultural Cooperatives, and SHGs.

Question 12. Fill in the blanks:

1. Majority of the credit needs of the ________ households are met from informal sources.
Answer: Poor

2. ______ costs of borrowing increase the debt burden.
Answer: High

3. ______ issues currency notes on behalf of the Central Government.
Answer: Reserve Bank of India

4. Banks charge a higher interest rate on loans than what they offer on _______
Answer: Deposits

5. _______ is an asset that the borrower owns and uses as a guarantee until the
the loan is repaid to the lender.
Answer: Collateral

Question 13. Choose the most appropriate answer.

1. In an SHG most of the decisions regarding savings and loan activities are taken by

1. Bank
2. Members
3. Non-government organization

Answer: 2. Members

2. Formal sources of credit do not include

1. Banks
2. Cooperatives
3. Employers

Answer: 3. Employers

NCERT Solutions For Class 10 Economics Chapter 3 Money And Credit Short Answer Questions

Question 1. Which are the two major sources of formal sector credit in India? Why do we need to expand the formal sources of credit?

Or

Name two formal sources of credit. Why there is a need to expand them?

Answer:

Two sources of formal sector of credit in India include loans from banks and cooperatives, RBI supervises their functions of giving loans. A lower rate of interest is charged as compared to informal sources of credit on these loans.

Formal credit can fulfill various needs of people by providing cheap and affordable credit.

Question 2. In India, the rupee is widely accepted as a medium of exchange. Explain

Or

What are the modern forms of money currency in India? Why is it accepted as a medium of exchange? How is it executed?

Answer:

Modern form of money. Paper notes and coins. These are accepted as a medium of exchange, because:

Read and Learn More Class 10 Social Science Solutions

1. It is authorized as a legal tender by the Union Government of India.
2. Its demand and supply can be regularised and controlled by the RBI.
3. In India, the law legalizes the use of the rupee as a medium of payment that cannot be refused in settling transactions in India. No individual can legally refuse a payment made in rupee.
4. In India, the value of goods, or services is measured in rupee.

Question 3. What is the main source of income for banks?

Answer:

The main source of income for banks is the difference between the interest rates charged by borrowers and what is paid to depositors.

Question 4. What do the banks do with the ‘Public Deposits’? Describe their working mechanism.

Answer:

Banks accept deposits from the public and use the major portion of these deposits to extend loans. There is a huge demand for loans for various economic activities.

Banks make use of these deposits to meet the loan requirements of the people and earn interest.

This is, in fact, the main source of income for the banks. In this way, banks act as a mediator between those who have surplus funds (the depositors) and those who need these funds (the borrowers).

Banks charge a higher interest rate on loans than what they offer on deposits.

Question 5. What are demand deposits? Describe any three salient features of demand deposits.

Answer:

People with surplus money or extra amount deposit it in banks. The banks keep the money safe and give an interest on it. The deposits can be drawn at any time on demand by the depositors.

Features:

1. The demand deposits are encashable by issuing cheques and have the essential features of money.
2. They make it possible to directly settle payments without the use of cash.
3. Since demand drafts/cheques are widely accepted as a means of payment along with currency, they constitute money in the modern economy.

Question 6. How does the use of money make it easier to exchange things?

Answer:

Unlike the barter system, exchange by using money does not need a double coincidence of wants. Hence, money makes it easier to exchange things. Let us take an example of a student who wants to sell his old books and wants to buy a guitar in lieu of that.

If he opts for the barter system, he will have to search for a person who may be interested in giving off his guitar and taking old books. But finding such a person can be difficult and time-consuming.

Question 7. Can you think of some examples of goods/services being exchanged- or wages being paid through barter?

Answer:

The barter system does exist to some degree in our society. Farmers often use this system of exchange to barter different types of farm produce.

Even some friends may exchange certain items with each other. Some hawkers sell trinkets and edible stuff instead of old bottles and plastic containers.

Question 8. Compare the terms of credit for the small farmer, the medium farmer, and the landless agricultural worker in Sonpur.

Answer:

Question 9. Why will Arun have a higher income from cultivation compared to Shyamal?

Answer:

Arun secured a loan from a formal source, i.e., a commercial bank at the rate of interest of 10% per annum, while Shyamal took a loan from a village moneylender at an interest of 5% per month.

• Arun is in a better position to repay the loan as compared to Shyamal because his terms of repayment of the loan are easier compared to Shyamal’s. Arun can also get a fresh loan after a few years.
• On the other hand, Arun is free to sell his produce but Shyamal is bound to sell his produce at a low price only to the moneylender who gave him the loan.
• Arun is liable to get a fresh loan against the cold storage receipt where he may store his produce.

Question 10. Can everyone in Sonpur get credit at a cheap rate? Who are the people who can?

Answer:

Everyone in Sonpur cannot get credit at a cheap rate of interest.

The people who can afford to get credit at a cheap rate are those who can produce collateral as security, those who have organized themselves in a cooperative society, and those who can fulfill the documentation requirements.

Question 11. Should there be a supervisor, such as the Reserve Bank of India, that looks into the loan activities of informal lenders? Why would its task be quite difficult?

Answer:

Yes, there must be a supervisor to monitor the functioning of the informal lenders. But this is not an easy task. There would be many practical difficulties to do so.

1. The informal sector constitutes millions of people who have a different kind of business of their own, besides lending.
2. These people are not registered with any agency. They also do not identify themselves as lenders.
3. These people amass huge money by lending because there is a great demand for loans from the poor sections of society.
4. These poor borrowers would never dare to complain against the powerful lobby of defaulting lenders, especially because they can’t borrow from formal sources as they have no means to provide collateral.

Question 12. Why do you think that the share of formal sector credit is higher for the richer households compared to the poorer households?

Answer:

The share of the formal sector credit is higher for the richer households because of the following reasons.

1. Richer households are in a better position to provide collateral and other necessary documents that are required by the banks and cooperatives.
2. Richer households have the means to exert pressure on banks and cooperatives to sanction their loans.

NCERT Solutions For Class 10 Economics Chapter 3 Money And Credit Multiple Choice Questions

Question 1. Which of the following sources charges the lowest rate of interest?

1. Moneylenders
2. Co-operative societies
3. Traders and landlords
4. None of these

Answer: 2. Co-operative societies

Question 2. Which is an important source of formal credit?

1. Landlords
2. Moneylenders
3. Banks
4. Relatives and friends

Answer: 3. Banks

Question 3. Terms of credit include

1. Duration of loan and repayment
2. Collateral security
3. Interest rate
4. All of these

Answer: 4. All of these

Question 4. A crop loan is needed for how many months?

1. Three to four months
2. Eight to ten Months
3. Twelve months
4. Six months

Answer: 1. Three to four months

Question 5. Which of the following deposits has the highest interest?

1. Demand Deposits
2. Savings Bank Deposits
3. Fixed Deposits
4. None of these

Answer: 3. Fixed Deposits

Question 6. Which of the following deposits are made by the businessman in banks?

1. Savings Bank Deposits
2. Demand Deposits
3. Fixed Deposits
4. All of these

Answer: 2. Demand Deposits

Question 7. Why is money accepted, as a medium of exchange?

1. Accepted by all
2. Legal Sanction
3. Issued by RBI
4. All of these

Answer: 4. All of these

Question 8. The main difficulty of the barter system is:

1. Indivisibility of goods
2. Coincidence of wants
3. Medium of exchange
4. All of these

Answer: 4. All of these

Question  9. Double coincidence of wants means:

1. Matching of demand
2. Matching of supply
3. Matching one’s supply with another’s demand
4. All are incorrect

Answer: 3. Matching one’s supply with another’s demand

Question 10. Barter system means:

1. Exchange of goods with money
2. Exchange of services with money
3. Exchange of goods with other goods
4. All the above

Answer: 3. Exchange of goods with other goods

NCERT Solutions For Class 10 Economics Chapter 3 Money And Credit Passage Based Questions

Question 1. Read the given below passages and answer the following questions.

Festival Season

• It is festival season two months from now and the shoe manufacturer, Salim, has received an order from a large trader in town for 3,000 pairs of shoes to be delivered in a month’s time.
• To complete production on time, Salim has to hire a few more workers for stitching and pasting work. He has to purchase the raw materials. To meet these expenses, Salim obtains loans from two sources.
• First, he asks the leather supplier to supply leather now and promises to pay him later.
• Second, he obtains a loan in cash from a large trader as an advance payment for 1000 pairs of shoes with a promise to deliver the whole order by the end of the month At the end of the month Salim is able to deliver the order; make a good profit, and repay the money that he had borrowed.

Swapnas Problem

• Swapna, a small farmer, grows groundnuts on her three acres of land. She takes a loan from the moneylender to meet the expenses of cultivation, hoping that her harvest will help repay the loan.
• Midway through the season, the crop is hit by pests and the crop fails. Though Swapna sprays her crops with expensive pesticides, it makes little difference.
• She is unable to repay the moneylender and the debt grows over the year into a large amount. Next year, Swapna will take a fresh loan for cultivation. It is a normal crop this year.
• But the earnings are not enough to cover the old loan. She is caught in debt. She has to sell a part of the land to pay off the debt.

1. Fill the following table.

Answer:

2. Supposing Salim continues to get orders from traders. What would be his position after 6 years?

Answer:

Supposing Salim continues to get orders from traders for the next 6 years, he may use his profits to fund his shoe business in the future. He may not be required to take a loan in the future from any source of credit.

3. What are the reasons that make Swapna’s situation so risky? Discuss factors – pesticides; the role of moneylenders; climate.

Answer:

The Reasons That Make Swapna’s Situation So Risky Are:

1. Failure of crops due to attack on the crops by pests. The use of pesticides would have reduced this risk.
2. The moneylender had charged high interest as it was an informal source of credit. When her crops failed, she was not in a position to repay the loan. She got trapped in the debt trap.
3. The crops also fail due to climatic factors like too little or too much rainfall. This also added to the risk of Swapna.

Question 2. A House Loan

Megha has taken a loan of ₹5 lakh from the bank to purchase a house. The annual interest rate on the loan is 12 percent and the loan is to be repaid in 10 years in monthly instalments.

Megha had to submit to the bank, documents showing her employment records and salary before the bank agreed to give her the loan.

The bank retained as collateral the papers of the new house, which will be returned to Megha only when she repays the entire loan with interest. ‘After going through the account of after going Megha’s House Loan’, fill in the following details of her housing loan.

Answer:

Question 3. Fill in the blanks choosing the correct option from the brackets.

While taking a loan, borrowers look for easy terms of credit. This means _______ (low/high) interest rate, ______ (easy/tough) conditions for repayment,  _____ (less/more) collateral, and documentation requirements.

Answer: Low, Easy, Less.

Question 4. Sort Out Various Sources of Credit.

List the various sources and uses of credit in Sonpur in the following passage.

Loans From Cooperatives: Besides banks, the other major sources of cheap credit in rural areas are the cooperative societies (or cooperatives). Members of a cooperative pool their resources for cooperation in certain areas.

There are several types of cooperatives possible such as farmers cooperatives, weavers cooperatives, industrial workers cooperatives, etc. Krishak Cooperative functions in a village not very far away from Sonpur.

It has 2300 farmers as members. It accepts deposits from its members. With these deposits as collateral, the Cooperative has obtained a large loan from the bank. These funds are used to provide loans to members.

Once these loans are repaid, another round of lending can take place.

Krishak Cooperative provides loans for the purchase of agricultural implements, loans for cultivation and agricultural trade, fishery loans, loans for the construction of houses, and for a variety of other expenses.

Answer:

The Various Sources Of Credit In Sonpur Are:

1. Village moneylender;
2. Agricultural trader;
3. Bank; and
4. Landowner-employer.

There Have Been Following Uses Of Credit In Sonpur In The Concerned Passages:

1. For cultivation of farm inputs
2. To meet the daily expenses
3. Sudden illness
4. Function in the family

Question 5. Diagram Interpretation

Study the diagram given below and answer the questions that follow:

1. Which are the two major sources of credit for rural households in India?
2. Which one of them is the most dominant source of credit for rural households?
3. What is the most dominant source of credit? Write two reasons.

Answer:

1. Moneylenders and cooperative societies
2.  Moneylenders
3. 1. Moneylenders do not ask for collateral.
   2. Complicated paperwork or documentation is not involved

NCERT Solutions For Class 10 Economics Chapter 2 Sectors Of The Indian Economy Important Concepts And Terms

Primary Sector: It basically produces natural goods such as wheat, rice, cotton, milk, wool, minerals, ores, etc.

Secondary Sector: This sector covers activities in which natural products are changed into other forms by way of manufacturing that we associate with industrial activities.

Employment: It is a situation in which a person who is able and willing to work, gets work at the existing wage rate.

Unemployment: It is a situation in which a person who is able and willing to work, does not get work at the existing wage rate.

Economic Activity: It is that activity which enables a person to generate income.

Tertiary Sector: All those activities that link the producers and consumers are called tertiary sector activities.

Underemployment Or Disguised Unemployment: It is a situation in which more people are engaged in an economic activity than the required number.

Organized and Unorganised Sector: The organized sector covers those enterprises or places of work where the terms of employment are regular and where people have assured work.

The unorganized sector is characterized by small and scattered units, which are largely outside the control of the government.

Private Sectors: The private sector is a sector in which the ownership of assets and the delivery of services are in the hands of private individuals or companies, and profit is the main motive.

Public Sectors: Provide services for the utility of the public well-being as a whole.

Gross Domestic Product (GDP): It is the value of all final goods and services produced within a country during a particular year.

Final Goods: Final goods are those goods that are meant for use by the final consumer. In other words, goods that reach the consumer are called Final Goods.

Intermediate Goods: Intermediate goods are those goods which are used to produce other goods and therefore they always move from one stage of production to another in the manufacture of a final good.

NCERT Solutions For Class 10 Economics Chapter 2 Sectors Of The Indian Economy Flowchart

NCERT Solutions For Class 10 Economics Chapter 2 Sectors Of The Indian Economy Exercises

Question 1. Fill in the blanks using the correct option given in the bracket:

1. Employment in the service sector ________ increased to the same extent as production, (has/has not)
Answer: has not

2. Workers in the _______ sector do not produce goods. (tertiary/agricultural)
Answer: tertiary

3. Most of the workers in the ______ sector enjoy job security, (organized/unorganized)
Answer: organised

4. A ________ proportion of laborers in India are working in the unorganized sector, (large/small)
Answer: Large

5. Cotton is a ________ product and cloth is a product, (manufactured/natural)
Answer: natural, manufactured

6. The activities in primary, secondary, and tertiary sectors are _________ (independent/interdependent)
Answer: interdependent

Question 2. Choose the most, appropriate answer:

1. The sectors are classified into public and private on the basis of:

1. Employment conditions
2. The nature of economic activity
3. Ownership of enterprises
4. Number of workers employed in the enterprises

Answer: 3. Ownership of enterprises

2. Production of a commodity, mostly through the natural process, is an activity _______ in the sector.

1. Primary
2. Secondary
3. Tertiary
4. Information technology

Answer: 1. Primary

3. GDP is the total value of ________ produced during a particular year.

1. All goods and services
2. All final goods and services
3. All intermediate goods and services
4. All intermediate and final goods and services

Answer: 2. All final goods and services

4. In terms of GDP, the share of tertiary sector in 2010-11 is

1. Between 20% and 30%
2. Between 30% and 40%
3. Between 50% and 60%
4. 70%

Answer: 3. Between 50% and 60%

Question 3. Match the following:

Answer: 1-D, 2-C, 3-E, 4-A, 5-B

Question 4. Find the odd one out and say why:

1. Tourist guide, dhobi, tailor, potter
2. Teacher, doctor, vegetable vendor, lawyer
3. Postman, cobbler, soldier, police constable
4. MTNL, Indian Railways, Air India, SAHARA Airlines, All India Radio

Answer:

1. Tourist Guide: He is appointed by the government, while dhobi, tailor, and potter belong to the private sector.
2. Vegetable Vendor: He is the only professional who does not require any formal education.
3. Cobbler: The rest are workers in the public sector, while his profession is a part of the private sector.
4. Sahara Airlines: It is a private enterprise, while the rest are government enterprises.

Question 5. A research scholar looked at the working people in the city of Surat and found the following:

Complete the table. What is the percentage of workers in the unorganized sector in this city?

Answer:

The percentage of workers in the unorganized sector in this city is 70%.

Question 6. Do you think the classification of economic activities into primary, secondary, and tertiary is useful? Explain how.

Answer:

The classification of economic activities into primary, tertiary, and secondary is useful on account of the information it provides on how and where the people of a country are employed.

• Also, this helps in ascertaining as to which sector of economic activity contributes more or less to the country’s GDP and per capita income.
• If the tertiary sector is developing much faster than the primary sector, it implies that agriculture is depleting, and the government must take measures to rectify this.
• The knowledge that the agricultural profession is becoming unpopular or regressive can only come if we know which sector it belongs to.
• Hence it is necessary to classify economic activities into these three sectors for smooth economic administration and development.

Question 7. For each of the sectors that we came across in this chapter, why should one focus on employment and GDP? Could there be other issues that should be examined? Discuss.

Answer:

For each of the sectors that we came across in this chapter, one should focus on employment and GDP because these determine the size of a country’s economy.

A focus on employment and GDP helps determine two important things – per capita income and productivity.

Hence, in each of the three sectors, employment rate and status as well as its contribution to the GDP help us understand how that particular sector is functioning and what needs to be done to initiate further growth in it.

Yes, The Other Issues Which Should Be Examined Are:

1. Balanced regional development
2. Equality in income and wealth among the people of the country.
3. How to eradicate poverty
4. Modernization of technology
5. Self-reliance of the country
6. How to achieve surplus food production in the country.

Question 8. Make a long list of all kinds of work that you find adults around you doing for a living. In what way can you classify them? Explain your choice.

Answer:

Our adults are engaged in various kinds of activities which are endless in all three sectors of the economy, both in organized and unorganized sectors.

Some Of These Are:

Primary Sector: Agriculture and related activities, lumbering, mining.

Secondary Sector: In different industrial units like textile, sugar industry, iron and steel industry, cement industry, fertilizer industry, electronic industry, etc.

Tertiary Sector: Doctors, teachers, lawyers, trade, transport, banking, etc.

Organized Sector: Government, semi-government, local bodies employees, big firms, big business houses, MNCs, etc.

Unorganized Sector: Domestic servants, casual laborers, people employed in construction work, dhabas, tea stalls, etc.

Question 9. How is the tertiary sector different from other sectors? Illustrate with a few examples.

Answer:

The tertiary sector is different from the other two sectors. This is because the other two sectors produce goods but, this sector does not produce goods by itself. The activities under this sector help in the development of primary and secondary sectors.

These activities are an aid or support for the production process. For example, transport, communication, storage, banking, insurance, trade activities, etc. For this reason, this sector is also known as the service sector.

Question 10. What do you understand by disguised unemployment? Explain with an example each from the urban and rural areas.

Answer:

Disguised unemployment is a kind of unemployment in which there are people who are visibly employed but are actually unemployed. This situation is also known as Hidden Unemployment. In such a situation more people are engaged in work than required.

For example:

In rural areas, this type of unemployment is generally found in the agricultural sector like in a family of nine people, all are engaged in the same agricultural plot.

But if four people are withdrawn from it there will be no reduction in output. So, these four people are actually disguisedly employed.

In urban areas, this type of unemployment can be seen mostly in service sectors such as in a family all members are engaged in one petty shop or a small business that can be managed by less number of persons.

Question 11. Distinguish between open unemployment and disguised unemployment

Answer:

Question 12. “The tertiary sector is not playing any significant role in the development of the Indian economy ” Do you agree? State reasons in support of your answer.

Answer:

No, I do not agree with the statement that the tertiary sector does not play any significant role in the development of the Indian economy. The tertiary sector has contributed vastly to the Indian economy, especially in the last two decades.

In the last decade, the field of information technology has grown, and consequently, the GDP share of the tertiary sector has grown from around 40% in 1973 to more than 50% in 2003.

Question 13. The service sector in India employs two different kinds of people. Who are these?

Answer:

The service sector in India employs the following two different kinds of people. They are:

The people involved in the services that may directly help in the production of goods. For example, people involved in the transportation, storage, communication, finance, etc.

The people involved in such services may not directly help in the production of goods, for example, teachers, doctors, barbers, cobblers, lawyers, etc.

They may be termed as ancillary workers, which means, those who offer services to the primary service providers.

Question 14. Workers are exploited in the unorganized sector. Do you agree with this view? State reasons in support of your answer.

Answer:

Yes, workers are exploited in the unorganized sector. This would be clear from the following points:

1. There is no fixed number of working hours. The workers normally work 10 -12 hours without paid overtime.
2. They do not get other allowances apart from the daily wages.
3. Government rules and regulations to protect the laborers are not followed there.
4. There is no job security.
5. Jobs are low-paid. The workers in this sector are generally illiterate, ignorant, and unorganized. So they are not in a position to bargain or secure good wages.
6. Being very poor they are always heavily in debt. So, they can be easily made to accept lower wages.

Question 15. How are the activities in the economy classified on the basis of employment conditions?

Or

Describe, how activities in the economy are classified on the basis of employment conditions.

Answer:

On the basis of employment conditions, the activities in the economy are classified into organized and unorganized sectors.

Organized Sector: This sector covers those enterprises that are registered by the government and have to follow its rules and regulations. For example, Reliance Industries Ltd., GAIL, etc.

Unorganized Sector: It includes those small and scattered units which are largely outside the control of the government. Though there are rules and regulations these are never followed here.

For example, casual workers in construction, shops, etc. In this sector there is no job security and the conditions of employment are also very tough.

Question 16. Compare the employment conditions prevailing in the organized and unorganized sectors.

Answer:

The employment conditions prevailing in the organized and unorganized sectors are vastly different.

The organized sector has companies registered with the government and hence, it offers job security, paid holidays, pensions, health, and other benefits, fixed working hours, and extra pay for overtime work. On the other hand, the unorganized sector is a host of opposites.

There is no job security, no paid holidays or pensions on retirement, no benefits of provident fund or health insurance, unfixed working hours, and no guarantee of a safe work environment.

Question 17. Explain the objectives of implementing the NREGA 2005.

Or

Describe the object of implementing MNREGA.

Answer:

The Objectives Of Implementing The NREGA 2005 Are:

1. To increase the income and employment of people.
2. Every state/region can develop tourism, regional craft, IT, etc., for additional employment.
3. The central government made a law implementing the right to work in 200 districts.
4. NREGA aims to provide employment of 100 days. If it fails to do so, it will give unemployment allowances to the people.

Question 18. Using examples from your area compare and contrast the activities and functions of private and public sectors.

Answer:

1. In our locality, we come across people engaged in different activities. These can be grouped under different categories like
   • Primary, secondary, and tertiary activities;
   • Organized and unorganized activities; and
   • Public and private sector activities.
2. There is a State Bank of India in our neighborhood; it is a public sector enterprise that provides services (tertiary sector).
3. We have also a Bank of India; it is an organized private sector unit that also provides services.
4. Similarly, privately owned hotels, tea stalls, grocery shops, fruit and vegetable selling shops, and book shops; all come under the unorganized private sector.
5. Mail is delivered by the postman (public sector) and a private courier.
6. A dairyman distributes milk. He comes under the unorganized sector. We buy milk from Mother Dairy (an organized private sector unit).
7. Buses are plied by the state government organizations as well as by the private enterprises.

Question 19. Discuss and fill in the following table giving one example each from your area.

Answer:

Question 20. State examples of public sector activities and explain why the government has taken them up.

Answer:

A few examples of public sector activities are the provision of water, electricity, and some modes of transport. The government has taken these up because water and power are needed by everyone.

If the work of providing electricity and water is left to private enterprises, the latter might exploit this opportunity and sell these at rates that the masses cannot afford.

Hence, to ensure that basic amenities like water and power are available for all, the government supplies these at low and affordable rates.

Question 21. Explain how the public sector contributes to the economic development of a nation.

Or

How does the public sector contribute to the economic development of a nation?

Answer:

In the following ways public sector contributes to the economic development of a nation:

1. It promotes rapid economic development through the creation and expansion of infrastructure.
2. It creates employment opportunities.
3. It generates financial resources for development.
4. It is ensuring equality of income, and wealth and thus, a balanced regional development.
5. It encourages the development of small, medium, and cottage industries.
6. It ensures easy availability of goods at moderate rates.
7. Contributes to community development, i.e., to the Human Development Index (HDI) via health and educational services.

Question 22. The workers in the unorganized sector need protection on the following issues: wages, safety, and health. Explain with examples.

Answer:

The Workers In The Unorganised Sector Need Protection:

Wages: Labourers who are employed as repair persons, vendors, etc., do not have a fixed income. They nearly managed to earn their living. They are not employed all through the year.

Safety: Workers in unorganized sectors are not provided with safe drinking water or a clean environment, for example, working in mining, and chemical industries is hazardous.

Health: Leave not granted in case of sickness. Medical facilities are not offered, for example, construction workers.

Question 23. A study in Ahmedabad found that out of 15,00,000 workers in the city; 11,00,000 worked in the unorganized sector. The total income of the city in this year (1997-1998) was ₹ 60,000 million. Out of this ₹ 32,000 million was generated in the organised sector. Present this data as a table. What kind of ways should be thought of for generating more employment in the city?

Answer:

It is clear that while a larger portion of workers is working in the unorganized sector, the per capita earning of those in the organized sector is higher.

The government should encourage the entrepreneurs in the unorganized sector to change them into the organized sector. Moreover, the government should introduce some incentives so that more industries could be opened up in the organized sector.

Question 24. The following table gives the GDP in Rupees (Crores) by the three sectors:

1. Calculate the share of the three sectors in GDP for 1950 and 2011.
2. Show the data as a bar diagram similar to Graph 2 in the chapter.
3. What conclusions can we draw from the bar graph?

Answer:

1. In 1950, the share of primary sector = 57.97%, secondary sector = 13.77%, tertiary sector = 28.26%

In 2011, primary sector = 16.75%, secondary sector = 25.56%, tertiary sector = 57.68%

2. The graph is as follows:

From the above bar graph, we can conclude that the share of the tertiary sector in the GDP has almost doubled, while that of the primary sector has less than halved. The secondary sector has grown by about 11% in the last five years.

NCERT Solutions For Class 10 Economics Chapter 2 Sectors Of The Indian Economy Short Question and Answers

Question 1. Define the primary sector.

Or

What is the primary sector?

Answer:

The primary sector forms the base for all other products that we subsequently make. Since most of the natural products we get are from agriculture, dairy, fishing, and forestry, this sector is for agriculture and related activities.

Question 2. How are the activities in the economy classified on the basis of employment conditions?

Answer:

Based on employment conditions, activities in the economy are classified as unorganized and organized. The organized sector offers job security, in rural areas, the unorganized sector comprises landless agricultural laborers, sharecroppers, and artisans.

Read and Learn More Class 10 Social Science Solutions

Question 3. Classify the following list ‘of occupations under primary, secondary, and tertiary sectors:

1. Tailor
2. Worker in a match factory
3. Basket weaver
4. Moneylender
5. Flower cultivator
6. Gardener
7. Milk vendor
8. Potter
9. Fisherman
10. Bee-keeper
11. Priest
12. Astronaut
13. Courier
14. Call center employee

Answer:

Primary Sector: Flower cultivator, fisherman, gardener, beekeeper.

Secondary Sector: Basket weaver, a worker in a match factory, potter.

Tertiary Sector: Tailor, milk vendor, priest, courier, call center employee, astronaut, the moneylender.

Question 4. Why should, we be worried, about underemployment?

Answer:

Underemployment is a situation where people are apparently working but are made to work less than their potential and ability.

In case every worker could be provided with a full-day job, the individual level of income would rise along with the aggregate national income. As a result, poverty will correspondingly decline.

Question 5. Write any three points on the importance of the primary sector in the Indian economy.

Answer:

1. It is the base of livelihood for most of the population.
2. This sector uses those activities which directly use natural resources.
3. It forms the base for all other products that we subsequently make.

Question 6. Explain the objective of implementing the NREGA 2005.

Answer:

The objective of implementing the NREGA 2005 was to provide 100 days of guaranteed employment to those people in rural India who can work and are in need of work. This right-to-work has been implemented in 200 districts.

Question 7. How does the public sector contribute to the economic development of a nation?

Answer:

The public sector contributes to the economic development of a nation by not more financial profit.

The public sector plays a vital role in contributing to the human development index via its functioning in health and education services.

Also by buying foodgrains at a “fair price” from farmers, and providing electricity, water, and postal service at low rates, the government ensures that the people have a good living.

Question 8. How is the tertiary sector different from other sectors? Illustrate with a few examples.

Answer:

The tertiary sector is different from the other sectors because it does not manufacture or produce anything. For this reason, it is also known as the service sector. It aids the primary and the secondary sector in development.

The tertiary sector involves services like transport, storage of goods, communications, banking, and administrative work.

Question 9. Which essential services are included in the tertiary sector?

Answer:

The tertiary sector includes some essential services that may not directly help in the production of goods.

For example, we require teachers, doctors, and those who offer private personal services such as washermen, barbers, cobblers, lawyers, and people who do administrative and accounting work.

Question 10. Differentiate between open unemployment and disguised unemployment.

Or

What is the difference between open and disguised unemployment? Explain in brief.

Answer:

Open unemployment is when a person has no job in hand and does not earn anything at all.

Disguised unemployment, on the other hand, is mostly found in the unorganized sector where either work is not consistently available or too many people are employed for the same work that does not require so many hands.

NCERT Solutions For Class 10 Economics Chapter 2 Sectors Of The Indian Economy Multiple Choice Questions

Question 1. Which of the following activities belongs to the secondary sector?

1. Mining and quarrying
2. Forestry and Fisheries
3. IT Industry
4. Dairy Farming

Answer: 3. IT Industry

Question 2. Which of the following activities belongs to the primary sector?

1. Poultry
2. Cultivation
3. Fisheries
4. All

Answer: 4. All

Question 3. ‘Banking and Insurance’ belongs to which of the following sectors?

1. Secondary
2. Primary
3. Tertiary
4. Information and Technology

Answer: 3. Tertiary

Question 4. Which of the following sectors is known as the service sector?

1. Primary sector
2. Secondary sector
3. Tertiary sector
4. None of these

Answer: 3. Tertiary sector

Question 5. Gross Domestic Product includes which of the following products?

1. Intermediate
2. Final
3. Both of these
4. None of these

Answer: 2. Final

Question 6. Production of which of the following sectors is included in GDP?

1. Primary
2. Secondary
3. Tertiary
4. All of these

Answer: 4. All of these

Question 7. Which of the following is an organized sector?

1. Small and Marginal farmers
2. A small shop
3. Office of Municipal Corporation
4. All of these

Answer: 3. Office of Municipal Corporation

Question 8. Which of the following is not an organized sector?

1. D.C. office
2. Office of Reliance Industries
3. A small ice factory
4. None of these

Answer: 3. A small ice factory

Question 9. Railways and Roadways belong to the _ sector.

1. Secondary
2. Tertiary
3. Primary
4. Information and Technology

Answer: 2. Tertiary

Question 10. Which of the following activities belongs to the public sector in India?

1. Agriculture
2. Water Supply
3. Small scale units
4. All

Answer: 2. Water Supply

Question 11. Underemployment occurs when people:

1. Do not want to work
2. Are working in a lazy manner
3. Are working less than what they are capable of doing
4. Are not paid for their work

Answer: 2. Are working in a lazy manner

Question 12. Which of the following sectors is fast growing these days?

1. Primary
2. Secondary
3. Tertiary
4. All of these

Answer: 3. Tertiary

NCERT Solutions For Class 10 Economics Chapter 2 Sectors Of The Indian Economy Data Interpretation

Question 1. Answer the following questions by looking at the graph:

1. Which was the largest producing sector in 1970-71?
2. Which was the largest producing sector in 2010-11?
3. Can you say which sector has grown the most over forty years?
4. What was the GDP of India in 2011?

Answer:

1. Primary sector
2. Tertiary sector
3. Yes, the growth has been national in the tertiary sector.
4. The value of GDP in the given year was 2,50,0000 crore.

Question 2. Complete the table using data given in graphs 2 and 3 and answer the question that follows

What are the changes that you observe in the primary sector over a span of forty years?

Answer:

Share Of Primary Sector In GDP and Employment

We have observed the following changes in the primary sector over a span of forty years:

1. The share of the primary sector in GDP has reduced from 45% to 25% over the period.
2. There has not been a similar shift out of the primary sector in the case of employment. It has decreased from 74% to 55% only.
3. More than half of the workers in the country are working in the primary sector. But, they are producing only a quarter of the GDP.
4. There are more people in agriculture than is necessary. For this reason, workers, in the agriculture sector are underemployed.

Question 3. The following table shows the estimated number of workers in India in the organized and unorganized sectors. Read the table carefully. Fill in the missing data and answer the questions that follow:

Workers in Different Sectors (in Millions)

1. What is the percentage of people in the unorganized sector in agriculture?
2. Do you agree that agriculture is an unorganized sector activity? Why?
3. If we look at the country as a whole, we find that — % of the workers in India are in the unorganized sector. Organized sector employment is available to only about — % of the workers in India.

Answer:

1. 64%
2. Yes, we agree that the agriculture sector is an unorganized sector activity. Because agricultural farms are not registered by the government. Though there are rules and regulations which are not followed.
3. If we look at the country as a whole, we find that 92.96% of the workers in India are in the unorganized sector. Organized sector employment is valuable to only 7.04% of western India.

Workers In Different Sectors (in Millions)