CBSE Class 8 English Class 8 Chapter 4 Determiners

1. Like Adjectives, Determiners also qualify the Nouns that follow. They point out the Noun.

Examples: My uncle, the best students, every house, that book, some files.

2. Kinds of Determiners :

1. Demonstratives: This, that, these, those.
   This is used before Singular Nouns and these before Plural Nouns.
   Examples:
   This book is the best book on Mathematics.
   These dresses belong to a very famous filmstar.
   This and these refer to persons or articles which are near.
   That and those refer to persons or objects which are at a distance.
   That is used before singular nouns and those before plural nouns.
   That house belongs to a famous businessman of Mumbai.
   Those houses are owned by a Corporate House.
2. Possessives: My, our, your, his, her, its, their.
3. Distributives: Either, neither, each, every.
4. Quantifiers: Some, any, much, many, several, little, a little, the little, few, a few, the few,both, all, a lot of, lots of, a large number of, a great deal of, a good deal of.
5. Interrogative: What, which, whose.
6. Articles: A, an, the.

Exercise-1

Fill in the blank spaces with this, that, these, those:-

Book shop

Rani: Raman, look! Have you noticed __________ new books on computers?

Answer: These

Raman: Oh, yes! I have not seen______ books before.

Answer: Those

Rani: I want __________ one with a red cover and ________ book right here.

Answer: That, and this

Raman: Look Rani, at _________ one. It is written by my teacher, there must be more written by him.They must be on _______ counter. I will go and look.

Answer: that, that

Rani: I want to buy __________ books on paintings also. I love looking at them.

Answer: Those

Raman: Okay. Now let us pay for all the books we have bought.

Rani:___________ is a good idea. We have spent a lot of money. I am sure we will enjoy reading __________books.

Answer: That, these

Exercise-2

Fill in the blanks with Possessives (my, our, your, his, her, its, their) :

Question 1. I was astonished at___________ reaction to the good advice given to him.

Answer: his

Question 2. _________performance in the examination was much above expectations.

Answer: His, Her ,Their

Question 3. We have been let down very badly by _________cricket team in the first match against Sri Lanka.

Answer:

Question 4. They were asked to remove_________shoes before entering the building.

Answer: their

Question 5. Hundreds of people came to pay_______________ homage to the departed leader.

Answer: their

Question 6. Reading will help you to improve_________ vocabulary.

Answer: your

Question 7. I was dismayed at the non-arrival of_________ suitcase at the airport.

Answer: my

Question 8. In a rage Hari threw his pencil box on the floor, all________ contents fell in different directions.

Answer: its

Exercise – 3

Complete the passage by filling the blanks with Possessives:—

The children enter their classroom and find their books and stationery thrown by some intruder everywhere. Complete their conversation.

Geeta: Here is_____ maths book.

Answer: my

Vijay: It is __________. Has anyone found _________pencil box?

Answer: mine, my

Rashid: Here it is. I think this pen is also______.

Answer: your

Surbhi: Whose bags are these? They do not seem to belong to anyone in_______ class.

Answer: our

Geeta: They belong to my cousins,_________names are written on them.

Answer: their

Vijay: Thank God, we have found most of ___________things. We must tidy the classroom quickly.

Answer: our

3. Distributives :

Each, every, either, neither — Each means one of two things or one of any number exceeding two. Every is used to in speaking of some number exceeding two, as :

Examples:

1. Each of them had a gun in his hand.
2. Each of you can go to the market.
3. Every man expects to be rich and successful.
4. Every country expects loyalty from its people.

Either has two meanings: (1) one of two, or (2) each of two, that is, both.

Neither is the negative of either and means neither the one nor the other.

You can leave by either door, (by one door or the other).

Trees grew on either side of the road, (both sides)

He looked at neither side of the road, (neither this side nor the other)

Exercise-4

Fill in the blanks with Each, Every,

Either or Neither:—

Question 1. ___________of the twenty boys was fined.

Answer: Each

Question 2. You can stand on __________ side.

Answer: either

Question 3. _____________soldier was at his post.

Answer: Each

Question 4. ____________seat in the auditorium was occupied.

Answer: Every

Question 5. ____________ of the girls was present.

Answer: Neither

Question 6. __________Reeta nor her sister has to come to work today.

Answer: Neither

Question 7. When we went to Mumbai we visited the beach__________ day.

Answer: every

Question 8. _________of you will be given a uniform to wear in school on Sunday.

Answer: Each

Question 9. ________________ Indian is expected to do his duty.

Answer: Every

Question 10. __________ building has been provided with twenty four hours backup inverters in the case of a power-cut.

Answer: Each

4. Quantifiers :

1. Much, many; Much stands for quantity and many denotes number.
   Was there much milk left in the pot?
   Were there many people watching the movie?
   We haven’t got many books.
   She doesn’t have much money.
   Note: Words and expressions like the ones given in the box below, may be used instead of many.
   a great many; a good many; a great number (of); plenty (of); a lot (of); lots of.
   Words and expressions used instead of much are :
   a great deal (of); a good deal (of); a large quantity (of); plenty (of); a lot (of).
2. Little, a little, the little :
   Little means hardly any or not much. It has a negative meaning.
   There was little money in the house.
   There was little that she could do to help the patient.
   A little means- some at least. It has an affirmative meaning.
   A little knowledge is a dangerous thing.
   There is a little milk left in the pot.
   The little means some. It can be used both positively and negatively.
   He wasted the little strength he had in being angry.
   It means 1. The strength he had was not much. (negative)
   2. He wasted all his strength. (positive)
3. Few, a few, the few: Few means not many and has a negative meaning.
   He has few books left in his library.
   A few means some at least. It has a positive meaning.
   I have a few books left in my library.
   The few means not many. It has both positive and negative meanings.
   He lost the few friends he had.
   It means he lost all the friends he had. (positive)
   The friends he had were not many, (negative).
4. Less, fewer: Less is used with reference to quantity and fewer with reference to number.
   The huge pumpkin weighed no less than ten pounds.
   I cannot buy less than ten kilograms of rice.
   No fewer than two thousand people joined the strike.
   No fewer than ten civilians were hurt in the firing.
5. Some, any — to express quantity some is used in the affirmative sentences; any in the negative.
   I have some milk but I do not have any sugar.
   She bought some shoes but did not buy any dresses.

• 1. Some is used in Interrogative sentences when making polite requests :
     Will you give me some sugar?
     Will you have some more tea?
  2. In conditional sentences as :
     If there are any oranges in the market, please buy some.
     Some is used in conditional sentences.
     If you see any oranges in the market, could you buy some for me?
  3. Use of any in interrogative or negative sentences :
     Did you buy any stamps?
     Have you any articles on the recent events?
     I didn’t see any oranges in the market.

Exercise-5

Fill in the blanks with much or many:-

Question 1. How ________ sugar do you want in your tea?

Answer: much

Question 2. How _________ times have you been to Shimla?

Answer: many

Question 3. We don’t get_______ rain here.

Answer: much

Question 4. He is facing__________ problems.

Answer: many

Question 5. __________ problems can be solved by sitting together and discussing them.

Answer: Many

Question 6. _________time was wasted in trying to break the lock and the thief escaped through the window.

Answer: much

Question 7. He could not do __________ for his family as he was suffering from poor health.

Answer: much

Question 8. Inspite of his ___________ attempts, he could not improve his driving skills.

Answer: many

Question 9. Nothing___________ happened before recess as_________ students were absent due to Asian Flu.

Answer: much

Question 10. __________ people have short tempers, they start shouting over trivial things.

Answer: Many

Exercise-6

Fill in the blanks with Each, Every, Either, or Neither:-

Question 1. _________ of the two soldiers was court-martialled.

Answer: Either

Question 2. You can stand on_______ side.

Answer: either

Question 3. ____________artist sees things differently.

Answer: Every

Question 4. ___________girl in the class took participation.

Answer: Each

Question 5. ____________first class ticket costs a hundred rupees.

Answer: Each

Question 6. __________you nor I are to blame.

Answer: Neither

Question 7. ____________of you is getting a reward.

Answer: Each

Question 8. ____________ you keep quiet at once or leave the classroom.

Answer: Either

Question 9. The teacher has given___________ boy and girl his/her book.

Answer: Each

Question 10. _______________John ____________James were present in the class in the fifth period.

Answer: Neither, nor

Exercise-7

Fill in the blanks with few, a few, little or a little

Question 1. ___________customers have come to the shop and we are busy.

Answer: A few

Question 2. __________customers have come to the shop and we are not so busy.

Answer: Few

Question 3. Shyam has made ___________ progress in his work and is quite unhappy.

Answer: little

Question 4. Vicky has made __________ progress and is quite happy about it.

Answer: a little

Question 5. I cannot lift this box, I need____________ help.

Answer: a little

Question 6. __________tourists have gone to Kashmir this year because of the terrorism there.

Answer: Few

Question 7. I am quite tired and I am having__________ days holiday next week.

Answer: a few

Question 8. ___________ drops of the blue liquid were added to give colour.

Answer: a few

Question 9. _________ caution could have saved the child.

Answer: A little

Question 10. Only ___________ of the books printed by the firm were a hit, the rest failed to find buyers.

Answer: a few

Exercise:8

In the passage given below, there is a missing article or two in every line. Mark the place with ‘/’ and write the missing article in the space provided. One is done for you:-

Question 1.If you spill wax on/carpet by accident, you__________

Answer: a

Question 2. can get rid of wax quite easily. First cover____________

Answer: the

Question 3. with blotting paper or flattened paper bag._____________

Answer:

the, the, a,

Question 4. Next, heat iron. Then, place hot iron over____________

Answer:

the,a

Question 5. blotting paper or paper bag. You have to leave_____________

Answer:

the, the

Question 6. iron on the paper for minute or two. You will________________

Answer:

the a

Question 7. find that paper will absorb wax._______________

Answer:

the, the

Exercise -9

Complete the passage inserting articles in the space given:-

__________(1)dutiful teacher, _______(2)deeply spiritual thinker, _________(3)able policy maker, Dr. Radhakrishnan was every bit_________(4) visionary India needed. Nobel laureate C.V. Raman beautifully summed up his glorious life. “_________(5) frail body of Radhakrishnan enshrined__________(6)great spirit which we have leamt to revere and admire.”

Answer:

(1). A
(2). a
(3). an
(4). the
(5). The
(6). a

Exercise-10

Insert articles wherever they are necessary and rewrite the sentences:-

Question 1. While I was rearranging bookshelf, I found old photograph of my parents.

Answer:

While I was rearranging the bookshelf, I found an old photograph of my parents.

Question 2. As soon as our bus crossed traffic light we heard loud explosion.

Answer:

As soon as our bus crossed the traffic light we heard a loud explosion.

Question 3. The elderly couple were crossing road this morning, when motorcyclist knocked them down.

Answer:

The elderly couple were crossing the road this morning, when a motorcyclist knocked them down.

Question 4. The plane was flying at such low altitude that we had clear view of the Ganga.

Answer:

The plane was flying at such a low altitude that we had a clear view of the Ganga.

Question 5. As girl of 16, I used to walk up hill very often to find quiet place to study.

Answer:

As a girl of 16, I used to walk up a hill very often to find a quiet place to study.

Question 6. I praised honesty of my servant.

Answer:

I praised the honesty of my servant.

Question 7. Apple is a fruit, which eaten daily can keep doctor away.

Answer:

An Apple is a fruit, which eaten daily can keep the doctor away.

Question 8. My neighbours left for Pune week ago.

Answer:

My neighbours left for Pune a week ago.

Question 9. Rajdhani Express was hour late on the first of May.

Answer:

The Rajdhani Express was an hour late on the first of May.

Question 10. Andamans are group of islands in Bay of Bengal.

Answer:

The Andamans are a group of islands in the Bay of Bengal.

CBSE Class 8 English Class 8 Chapter 3 Pronouns

1. You already know that Pronouns are words used instead of Nouns. There are seven kinds of Pronouns.

1. Personal Pronouns
2. Reflexive/Emphasising Pronouns
3. Demonstrative Pronouns
4. Indefinite Pronouns
5. Distributive Pronouns
6. Interrogative Pronouns
7. Relative Pronouns

A Quick Recapitulation

1. Personal Pronouns are so called because they stand for three persons, viz :
   First Person : I, we, me, us, mine, ours.
   Second Person : You, yours.
   Third Person : He, she, him, her, hers, they, them, theirs, it.
2. Reflexive/Emphasising Pronouns : Myself, ourselves, yourself, yourselves, himself, herself, themselves, and itself.
3. Demonstrative Pronouns : They point out objects : this, that, these, those, such.
4. Indefinite Pronouns : They refer to persons or things in general.
   All, some, many, few, none and others. (They are always Plural.)
5. Distributive Pronouns : They refer to a number of persons or things, one at a time.
   Each, either, neither, anyone, everyone, all. (They are always Singular.)
6. Interrogative Pronouns : Pronouns used for asking questions are called Interrogative
   Pronouns. They are : who, what, which, whom and whose.
   1. Who, whom, and whose are used for questions about persons.
   2. What is used for questions about things.
   3. Which is used for asking questions about a particular person or thing.
7. Relative Pronouns : Who, whom, whose, which and that join two sentences.
   The Noun to which a Relative Pronouns refers or relates is called its Antecedent.
   1. Who is used for persons only.
   2. Which is used for animals and things without life.
   3. That is used for persons, animals and things.

Important

1. Personal Pronouns

• We use personal pronouns to refer to people, things or animals.
  Example: We want to meet the Director.
• We use I, you, he, she, it, we, you and they Before verbs as Subjects. We use me, you,him, her, it, us, you, them after verbs as objects.

Example:

Exercise-1

Fill in the blanks with the correct Pronouns to complete the following letter:-

12 September, 20___________

Dear Vivek,

Thank (1) __________ for your present and your letter. It was great fun to meet (2)________after so many years. (3)________ had not seen (4)_______since last winter. When (5)________ all met at Anil’s wedding anniversary (6)_______ really was a special occasion. Do (7)_________ remember the fun______(8) had? Do you remember meeting Pathak? (9)______was so surprised to see (10)________.There were so many familiar faces but (11) ______couldn’t talk to all of (12) ______ When can (13)_____ meet again? Let’s not leave (14)_____to chance. Let’s plan (15)______next meeting.

Bye

Sudhakar

2. Possessive Pronouns and Possessive Adjectives both express possession. Possessive Adjectives come always BEFORE Nouns. Possessive Pronouns are used Instead of a Noun.

Examples:

This book is mine. That book is yours.

The new car is ours. This dog is yours.

This pen is his. That dress is hers.

The black car is theirs.

Exercise-2

Complete the sentences with either a Possessive Pronoun or a Possessive Adjective. Write PA or PP under the word you have written

Question 1. This is my (I)(PA) room, (you) yours(PP) is on the next floor.

Answer: my (PA) , yours (PP)

Question 2. _________(they) holiday starts before ________(we).

Answer: Their ( PA) , our (PP)

Question 3. Please give us______(you) advice first, we will ask______ (he) later on.

Answer: your (PA) , his (PP)

Question 4. We will have to leave________(she) house earlier so that we can reach ___________ (you) before 10 p.m.

Answer: her (PA) ,yours (PP)

Question 5. I wish _________ (I) voice was as good as ________(she).

Answer: my (PA) , hers (PP)

Exercise-3

Underline the Pronouns in the following sentences and write down their kinds in the space given. One is donefor you:—

Question 1. I shut the gate myself. Emphasising

Answer: Emphasising

Question 2. She hurt herself. __________

Answer: Relative

Question 3. Those books belong to him. __________

Answer: personal

Question 4. What would you do if you were him? __________

Answer: personal

Question 5. That house is ours. __________

Answer: possessive

Question 6. Everyone in our class comes to school early. __________

Answer: Indefinite

Question 7. Both of them are happy with their results. __________

Answer: Distributive

Question 8. Many are poor, only a few are rich. __________

Answer: Indefinite

Question 9. To whom did you give my letter yesterday? __________

Answer: Interrogative

Question 10. This is the man whose son was kidnapped yesterday. __________

Answer: Relative

Question 11. Here is the book which I told you about. __________

Answer: Relative

Question 12. He is one of the greatest leaders that have ever been bom in India. __________

Answer: Relative

3. Agreement of the Relative Pronouns and their Antecedents

The Relative Pronoun must be of the same Number, Gender and Person as its Antecedent; as,

• The boy who was lazy was punished.
• The boy who worked hard passed the examination.
• I, who am your friend, will help you.
• I am the person that has done this.
• You, who are rich, should help the poor.
• He that is contented is happy.
• They that are wise are always humble.
• He is one of the greatest leaders that have ever been bom in India.
• This is the only one of his poems that is worth reading.

Exercise -4

Fill In The Blanks  :—

Question 1. This is the beggar ________ stole my purse.

Answer: who

Question 2. I, __________ is your king, will lead you.

Answer: who

Question 3. I am the person ___________ is to be blamed.

Answer: who

Question 4. God helps those _________help themselves.

Answer: who

Question 5. This is the horse ________ won the race.

Answer: that

Question 6. The answer______ she gave is wrong.

Answer: which

Question 7. I mean _______I say.

Answer: what

Question 8. Tears such __________angels weep burst forth.

Answer: as

Question 9. _______cannot be cured must be endured.

Answer: What

Question 10. He _______is not with me is against me.

Answer: who

Question 11. My answer is the same _________ yours.

Answer: as

Question 12. This is ________ troubles me.

Answer: what

Question 13. He is not such a clever boy ___________ you are.

Answer: as

Question 14. He is one of the greatest men___________have ever lived.

Answer: that

Question 15. He is not the same man______he has been.

Answer: that

Question 16. Listen to________ he says.

Answer: what

Question 17. He _______________ is honest shall prosper.

Answer: who

Question 18. He _________ always speaks the truth shall be respected.

Answer: who

Question 19. He is the man______ you can trust.

Answer: whom

Question 20. Who is here so rude _________ will be a slave?

Answer: as

Question 21. Blessed is he _____ has found his work.

Answer: who

Question 22. Man is the only animal ____can talk.

Answer: that

Question 23. Such a man _________ he should be honoured.

Answer: as

Question 24. Do the same _________I do.

Answer: as

Question 25. _________is done cannot be undone.

Answer: what

Exercise-5

Question 1. There was an old woman __________ lived in a hut.

Answer: who

Question 2. Unfortunately he took the road _______led in the wrong direction.

Answer: that

Question 3. I like the boy ______ temper is good.

Answer: whose

Question 4. This is the boy _______stood first in English.

Answer: who

Question 5. This is the girl_______ parents helped us.

Answer: whose

Question 6. This is the man________ courage saved us.

Answer: whose

Question 7. This is the horse ________won the race.

Answer: that

Question 8. This is the woman _____ I suspected.

Answer: whom

Question 9. This is the house ______ my grandfather built.

Answer: that

Question 10. He is one of the bravest generals ______ have ever fought in India.

Answer: that

Remember : The Pronouns, who, whom, whose, which and that, which join two sentences and refer back to the Nouns going before them, are called Relative Pronouns.

Exercise -6

Choose the correct Verb from the brackets to complete the sentences given below :—

(Remember the rule about Singular and Plural Pronouns.)

Question 1. A few of the apples______ (is/are) left, the rest______ (has/have) been eaten.

Answer: are, have

Question 2. Each apple on the plate________ been cut.(have/has)

Answer: has

Question 3. Look at the children! All ________ asleep.(are/is)

Answer: are

Question 4. Many of your sums_____ wrong. (is/are)

Answer: are

Question 5. Some of the rice______ not cooked properly. (is/are)

Answer: is

Question 6. Either of these two books ______ very interesting to read. (are/is)

Answer: is

Question 7. Nobody _______seen her for the last two days. (have/has)

Answer: has

Question 8. Both of my granddaughters_________ good in study. (is/are)

Answer: are

Question 9. Much of the land ________ lying barren. (is/are)

Answer: is

Question 10. Neither of them ________ ill, they are both lying, (is/are)

Answer: is

Exercise -7

Join together each of the following pairs of sentences by means of a Relative Pronoun :—

who, whom, whose, which, that

Question 1. This is the man. I trusted him.

Answer:

This is the man whom I trusted.

Question 2. I am the person. You sent for me.

Answer:

I am the person who You sent for me.

Question 3. Here is the book. I told you about it.

Answer:

Here is the book which I told you about.

Question 4. This is the road. It leads to the station.

Answer:

This is the road that leads to the station.

Question 5. He does his best,which should be praised.

Answer:

He does his best. He should be praised.

Question 6. The thieves were caught. They had stolen cash and jewellery.

Answer:

The thieves who were caught had stolen cash and jewellery.

Question 7. Rabindranath Tagore, whose literary works are famous,was born in Bengal.

Answer:

Rabindranath Tagore was born in Bengal. His literary works are famous.

Question 8. The boys thanked me sincerely. I had helped them solve the problem.

Answer:

The boys whom I had helped them solve the problem thanked me sincerely.

Question 9. My watch was stolen yesterday.I have not found it yet.

Answer:

My watch,which was stolen yesterday, has been found yet.

Question 10. They met the woman. Her children were hurt in the road accident.

Answer:

They met the woman whose children were hurt in the road accident.

4. Important Note : When sentences are connected to one another by who and which, you must place the connecting word immediately after the Noun to which it refers.

Examples:

1. The waiter served us who was very clumsy.
   This is a very absurd sentence.
   It should be written as :
   The waiter who served us was very clumsy.
2. That pretty little hut up on the hill which belongs to me. (wrong)
   That pretty little hut which is up on the hill, belongs to me.

Exercise -8

The following sentences are wrongly constructed. Improve them by putting who and which immediately after the nouns to which they refer:-

Question 1. I sold my house last week which was double-storeyed.

Answer:

I sold my house, ‘which’ was double-storeyed last week.

Question 2. The Principal punished all the truants who was very strict.

Answer:

The Principal, ‘who’ was very strict punished all the truants.

Question 3. The stranger surprised us who came to our house yesterday.

Answer:

The stranger ‘who’ came to our house yesterday surprised us .

Question 4. I noticed the new painting hanging on the wall which belongs to my friend.

Answer:

I noticed the new painting, ‘which’ belongs to my friend hanging on the wall.

Question 5. The girl is my sister who wrote the story of this play.

Answer:

The girl ‘who’ wrote the story of this play is my sister.

CBSE Class 8 English Class 8 Chapter 2 Kinds Of Nouns

1. You have learnt that there are five kinds of Nouns.

1. Common Nouns: City, table, television, oven, sea, continent, camera, houseboat, etc.
2. Proper Nouns: Asia, Srinagar, Harry Potter, Jog Falls, the Pacific Ocean,the Taj Mahal, etc.
3. Collective Nouns: Audience, pack, deck, cluster, etc
4. Abstract Nouns: Determination, proposal, happiness, failure, victory, etc.
5. Material Nouns: Nylon, polyester, jute, silk, wood, etc.

Exercise – 1

Underline the Nouns in the following sentences and write their kinds. One is done for you:-

Question 1. The king said to his son, “There are two things absolutely necessary to be successful in life — honesty and wisdom.

Answer:

King, son, things – Common Nouns

life, honesty, wisdom – Abstract Nouns

Question 2. Nelson Mandela became the first President of independent South Africa.

Answer:

Nelson Mandela – Proper Noun

President – Common Noun

South Africa – Proper Noun

Question 3. The news of terrorist attack in the city spread like wildfire, and people collected in front of the minister’s house.

Answer:

news – Abstract Noun

attack, city, minister, house terrorist – Common Noun

people – Common Noun or Collective Noun

Question 4. Inspite of her age, the old lady loved wearing ornaments of gold and silver.

Answer:

age – Abstract Noun

lady, ornaments – Common Noun

gold, silver – Material Noun

Question 5. The jury found the prisoner guilty and sentenced him for ten years.

Answer:

jury – Collective Noun

Prisoner, years – Common Noun

Exercise – 2

Underline all the Nouns in the following passage and state their kind :—

The Immortals of Meluha is the first novel of the Shiva trilogy series by Amish Tripathi. The story is set in the land of Meluha and starts with the arrival of the Tibetan tribal Shiva. The Meluhan belief that Shiva is their fabled Neelkanth is confirmed when he consumes the Somras,a legendary healing potion, which turns his throat blue.

It’s sequel, The Secret of the Nagas, along with The Immortals of Melhua, have crossed a print run of a million copies and earned $22 crore within two years of publishing.

Exercise – 3

Fill in the blanks with the Abstract Noun forms of the words given below. One is done for you:—

1. No one can deny the importance of education in a child’s life.

Question 2. For days the topic of _________ was the untimely death of the Indian Idol, Ishmith Singh in a swimming pool.

Answer:

discussion (discuss)

Question 3. The Tsunami caused massive _________ of life and property.

Answer:

destruction(destroy)

Question 4. A stupid ________ between two boys led to a pitched battle between two groups.

Answer:

argument (argue)

Question 5. The opposition party vetoed the government _______for more reservation of seats for the weaker sections.

Answer:

proposal (propose)

Question 6. No company can prosper without the________ of the workers.

Answer: coperation (coperate)

Question 7. Watching television is the most popular means of ________ for the elderly in India.

Answer:

relaxation ( relax )

Question 8. Many members of the party were expelled for their__________ of the party’s rules.

Answer:

defiance ( defy )

Question 9. Her parents did not object to her______for flying than medicine and supported her in her choice.

Answer:

preference ( prefer )

Question 10. Some new facts have been discovered about the ancient ______ of Indus Valley.

Answer:

civilisation (civilised)

Exercise – 4

Complete the following sentences by choosing the most suitable Collective Noun from the box:-

Question 1. The violent ___________ was dispersed only when tear gas was used by the police.

Answer:

mob

Question 2. A __________ of warriors attacked the sleeping city and destroyed it.

Answer:

horde

Question 3. She has a wonderful ________ of rare stamps.

Answer:

collection

Question 4. The __________sang melodiously and won applause.

Answer:

choir

Question 5. The famous singer’s ________ has a collection of latest fashions.

Answer:

wardrobe

Question 6. A _________of stones marked the boundary between the two farms.

Answer:

heap

Question 7. A _________ of actors staged many plays of Shakespeare in the city.

Answer:

troupe

Question 8. A_________ of eminent lawyers was formed to look into the legal aspect of the new law.

Answer:

committee

Exercise – 5

Study the Nouns given in the box. Choose one Noun from the box to replace the group of words in italics in the sentences given below. One is done for you:-

Question 1. The person who served us tea was a new appointment in the hotel.

Answer:

The waiter was a new appointment in the hotel.

Question 2. Sometimes it is the people walking on the street who cause accidents.

Answer:

Sometimes it is the ‘pedestrians’ who cause accidents.

Question 3. Ravi Shankar’s performance was given a standing ovation by the people who had come to hear him.

Answer:

Ravi shankar’s performance was given a standing ovation by the ‘audience.

Question 4. Not a single Indian batsman scored a hundred runs in the match against Sri Lanka.

Answer:

Not a single Indian batsman scored a ‘century’ in the match against sri lanka.

Question 5. He showed me a book in which he had collected pictures of this tour abroad.

Answer:

He showed me an ‘album’ in which he had collected pictures of his tour abroad.

Question 6. Mahatma Gandhi’s story of his life should be read by all the young children.

Answer:

Mahatma Gandhi’s ‘autobiography’ should be read by all the young children.

Question 7. My favourite occupation to relax in free time is reading adventure stories.

Answer:

My favourite ‘hobby’ to relax in free time is reading adventure stories.

Question 8. He brings electronic goods from Japan to India.

Answer:

He brings electronic goods from Japan to India for ‘import’.

Question 9. The most important place in a desert is where water is found.

Answer:

The most important place in a desert is the ‘oasis’.

Question 10. I have recently read a very interesting book about the life and works of Leonardo da Vinci by an Indian author.

Answer:

I have recently read a very intersting ‘biography’ of leonardo da vinci by an Indian author

Exercise – 6

Solve this puzzle with the help of the clues given and write the answers in the cross patch given:-

1. A person who breaks into people’s houses, shops, etc. at night, to steal.

2. Season when the leaves fall.

3. A person who tells our future with the help of stars.

4. A ship that travels under the sea.

5. A person disloyal to his own country

2. NOUNS can be Countable or Uncountable.

1. Countable Nouns are things like people, animals, plants (a boss, a dog), concrete objects
   (a desk, a laptop) or units of measurement (a metre, a pound).
2. Uncountable Nouns include things like substances, materials and commodities. Examples are water, oil, money, information. Abstract ideas like progress, profitability and languages (English, Arabic). We do not say- “three informations,” or “two waters.”
3. Learn this list of some Uncountable Nouns :
4. Countable Nouns can be singular or plural but Uncountable Nouns are singular.
   • The new computers have arrived. (Countable)
   • The new furniture has arrived. (Uncountable)
5. With Uncountable Nouns we can use some instead of a or an.
   He gave me a money. (wrong)  He gave me some money (right)
6. We can use a or an with Uncountable Nouns by using words of measurement.
   Examples:
   
   1. A cup of coffee, a glass of water, a glass of orange juice.
   2. You can buy mineral water for Rs 10 a bottle.
   3. The price of petrol is now Rs 68.21 per litre. Here, per means a.

Exercise-7

In the following blanks one word is countable and the other is uncountable. Write some or a before each word:—

Question 1. ________ report was read by the people, along with ___________ news on page 3.

Answer:

A, some

Question 2. ___________furniture has been changed in the room and ________ steel almirah has been added.

Answer:

some, a

Question 3. I needed ________ accommodation in __________hotel immediately.

Answer:

some, a

Question 4. He landed in Canada with _________ cheque book and _______cash.

Answer:

a, some

Question 5. Go and see_________ lawyer and get________ advice about what to do next.

Answer:

a,some

CBSE Class 8 Chapter 1 Parts Of Speech

Let us quickly revise what we have learnt in Classes 6 and 7 about Parts of Speech.

• A There are eight Parts of Speech in English Grammar.
  Parts of Speech are the classes into which words are divided according to their function in a sentence.
• The Eight Parts Of Speech Are :

1. 1. Noun: A Noun is the name of a person, place, thing or an animal.
      Examples: John, Anita, Delhi, Chennai, boy, girl, table, honour, gold, etc.
      Nouns have number, gender, case, and are of five kinds.
   2. Pronoun: A Pronoun is a word used instead of a noun.
      Examples: I, we, you, he, she, they, it, us, mine, ours, yours, hers, his, theirs, them, myself, herself.
      Pronouns also have number, gender and are of seven kinds.
   3. Adjective: An Adjective is used to qualify or add something to the meaning of a Noun.
      Examples: a beautiful flower, twenty soldiers, little food, first daughter, each woman; such men, etc.
   4. Verb: A Verb denotes an action, or being or possession.
      Examples: The girl sang (action). Raman is an intelligent boy. (being)
      I have a pet dog. (possession)
      Verbs have three chief forms.
      1. The Present (first form)
      2. The Past Tense (second form)
      3. The Past Participle (third form).
         All the other parts of a verb are formed with their help.
         Examples:
         I begin my work at 10 a.m.
         I began my work at 10 a.m.
         I have begun my work at 10 a.m.
   5. Adverb: An Adverb is a word which qualifies a verb, an adjective or another adverb.
      Examples:
      1. Raman runs quickly. (qualifies a verb)
      2. This painting is very beautiful. (qualifies an adjective)
      3. Sunder was crying so loudly. (qualifies another adverb)
   6. Preposition: A Preposition is a word used with a Noun or Pronoun to show its relation to some other words in the sentences.
      Examples:
      1. A cat hid under the table.
      2. The cat jumped over the hedge.
      3. The cat slept on the chair. (in, out, under, to, for, behind, beneath, beside, about, etc.)
   7. Conjunction: A Conjunction is a word used to join together words, phrases or sentences.
      Examples:
      1. Raman is clever but lazy. (words)
      2.  He was a man of courage but of no reputation. (phrases)
      3. She is fond of music, but she hates dancing. (sentences)
   8. Interjection : An Interjection is an exclamatory word denoting some sudden feeling.
      Examples:
      Hurrah! India won a gold medal.
      Alas! The poor boy was drowned.
      Ah! So now I understand.
      Bravo! What a wonderful century Sachin made.
      Hi! How are you?
      Ugh! What an ugly creature.
      Oh! I am so sorry.
      Good Heavens! Did he lose all his money?
      Hush! You will wake up the baby.

Exercise-1

Name the parts of speech of the underlined words in the sentences given below.

Question 1. You will pass if you work hard. _____________

Answer: Conjunction

Question 2. The new boy was dismissed from service because of misbehaviour._____________

Answer: Preposition

Question 3. My uncle sold his house to a millionaire. _____________

Answer: Noun

Question 4. He generally avoids bad companions. _____________

Answer: Adverb

Question 5. This is the beggar who stole my purse. _____________

Answer: Pronoun

Question 6. This is the oldest house in Mumbai. _____________

Answer: Adjective

Question 7. Human and animal waste cause pollution. _____________

Answer: Verb

Question 8. All work and no play makes Jack a dull boy. ______________

Answer: 

All – Pronoun

and – Conjuction

play –  Noun

makes – Verb

boy – Noun

Question 9. Ambition, optimism and stamina keeps people going. ______________

Answer: 

Ambition – Noun

optimism – Noun

and – Conjuction

Question 10. Everyone at the party last night was wearing a pirate costume.____________

Answer: 

Everyone – Pronoun

pirate – noun

Question 11. They build large nests in trees or the walls of cliffs. _____________

Answer: 

They – pronoun

in – Preposiṭion

or – Conjuction

Question 12. Almost all the luxury cars have been recalled by the manufacturer because of a defective mechanism.     _______________________

Answer: 

Almost – Adverb

by –  preposition

because – Conjunction

mechanism – noun

Question 13. Thirteen prizes will be given out for the Grand draw. ______________

Answer: 

Thirteen – Adjective

out – Adverb

for – preposition

Question 14. The crowd disperses as the firemen prepared to leave. ____________

Answer: 

disperses – Verb

Question 15. Two days after our argument my friend apologised for his rudeness.___________

Answer: 

after – Preposition

our – Pronoun

my – Pronoun

apologised – Verb

for – Preposition

CBSE Class 8 English Chapter 30 Words Followed By Prepositions

Study the following and learn the correct use of Prepositions.

A

1. Tom agreed with me on that point.

2. She did not agree to my proposal.

3. He acted upon my advice.

4. He is addicted to smoking.

5. He was ashamed of his conduct.

6. I am not afraid of death.

7. Harry is very fond of reading novels.

8. She was very kind to us all.

9. I prefer riding to walking.

10. Be careful about your health.

B

11. You must take care of your health.

12. The teacher was angry with me for my misconduct.

13. He died of fever.

14. He is proud of his wealth.

15. Ali begged for mercy from the king.

16. The teacher was displeased with me.

17. Sita was born of rich parents.

18. She takes delight in swimming.

19. I was then busy with my lessons.

20. We were astonished at her rudeness.

C

21. We all wondered at her success.

22. The people were alarmed at this news.

23. The dog is ever faithful to his master.

24. He is ill with fever.

25. The boy jumped for joy.

26. My book is different from Harry’s.

27. Please excuse me for coming late.

28. The basket is full of flowers.

29. Fill the bottle with hot water.

30. He invited me to dinner.

D

31. She prays to God daily.

32. He quarrelled with me over this point.

33. He is tired of this life.

34. I am satisfied with your statement.

35. Harish warned me of the danger.

36. He is ignorant of the facts.

37. The accused was charged with murder.

38. He has no pity for poor labourers.

39. Have pity on us.

40. He prevented me from going there.

E

41. He was rewarded with a medal.

42. She was very anxious about her son’s health.

43. We laughed at her dress.

44. Who rules over England?

45. It is a pleasure to deal with him.

46. At last fortune smiled on him.

47. He is now free from cares.

48. We arrived in Mumbai at noon.

49. We arrived at the station just in time.

50. He introduced me to his uncle.

F

51. He did not reply to my letter.

52. She lives close to my house.

53. She had her revenge on her enemies.

54. He parted with all his property.

55. We were surprised at her success.

56. He parted from his friends.

57. He supplied the poor with clothing.

58. He fought against his enemies.

59. He complained to the Headmaster.

60. He complained against me.

G

61. Bali depends on your help.

62. He deals in Japanese silk.

63. Harry borrowed money from me.

64. Satish has failed in Englis.

65. He has applied for leave.

66. She is suffering from fever.

67. I am very sorry for my mistake.

68. She comes of a rich family.

69. Rama is married to Kamala.

70. He is true to his word.

H

71. She is related to me.

72. He was accused of theft.

73. She was annoyed with me.

74. I congratulate you on your success.

75. I always bathe in cold water.

76. He objected to my proposal.

77. I beg of you to forgive me.

78. I am obliged to you for your kindness.

79. He will not hide the truth from her.

80. I sympathise with you in your misfortune.

I

81. I am prepared for the worst.

82. I called on her yesterday.

83. I waited for you for an hour.

84. I explained the whole thing to him.

85. I inquired of her about the matter.

86. He is contented with his lot.

87. I was annoyed at her conduct.

88. She is obedient to her parents.

89. He is blind in the right eye.

90. He has a taste for painting.

J

91. I listened to what she said.

92. I was accompanied by my sister.

93. We rejoiced at his success.

94. Alcohol is injurious to health.

95. My pen is superior to yours.

96. Attend to what I say.

97. Trust in God.

98. Save me from such friends.

99. Do not lean against the door.

100. He is negligent in his work.

K

101. Are you acquainted with her?

102. He has no affection for his parents.

103. He is guilty of theft.

104. This book is useful for the junior boys.

105. A thief broke into his house.

106. We all grieved for her.

107. We were grieved to hear this.

108. We were grieved at the news.

109. He insisted on going there.

110. Has she recovered from her illness?

L

111. He is always short of money.

112. They set her house on fire.

113. They robbed him of his money.

114. I presented a silver watch to her.

115. The new king is popular with his subjects.

116. The old mother looks after her children.

117. He is jealous of your fame.

118. He was inquiring after your health.

119. Her face seems to be familiar to me.

120. He proved generous to his friends.

Exercise 1

Fill in the Blanks With Suitable Prepositions:

Question 1. The policeman is ______ duty.

Answer: The policeman is on duty.

Question 2. I met a beggar _______ the way.

Answer: I met a beggar on the way.

Question 3. Father is ______ home.

Answer: Father is at home.

Question 4. I was talking ____ my friend.

Answer: I was talking to my friend.

Question 5. He died _____ plague.

Answer: He died of plague.

Question 6. She is proud ______ her beauty.

Answer: She is proud of her beauty.

Question 7. I was suprised _____ his failure.

Answer: I was suprised at his failure.

Question 8. I congratulate you ____ your success in the examination.

Answer: I congratulate you on your success in the examination.

Question 9. I am not acquainted ______ her.

Answer: I am not acquainted with her.

Question 10. I agree ____ you ____ all points.

Answer: I agree with you on all points.

Question 11. Be kind ______ the poor.

Answer: Be kind to the poor.

Question 12. He is married _____ Tita.

Answer: He is married to Tita.

Question 13. I warned him _____ the danger.

Answer: I warned him about the danger.

Question 14. Beware ______ mad dogs.

Answer: Beware of mad dogs.

Question 15. He is famous _____ his learning.

Answer: He is famous for his learning.

Question 16. He is related ___ me.

Answer: He is related to me.

Question 17. She laughed ____ my face.

Answer: She laughed in my face.

Question 18. I have no taste ______ music.

Answer: I have no taste for music.

Question 19. I am sorry ____ my mistake.

Answer: I am sorry for my mistake.

Question 20. Her face is familiar ______ me.

Answer: Her face is familiar to me.

Question 21. He is always in need ____ money.

Answer: He is always in need of money.

Question 22. She is very fond ______ sweets.

Answer: She is very fond of sweets.

Question 23. This pen differs ______ that.

Answer: This pen differs from that.

Question 24. I prefer milk ____ tea.

Answer: I prefer milk to tea.

Question 25. She agreed ________ my proposal.

Answer: She agreed to my proposal.

Question 26. We deeply sympathised _____ her.

Answer: We deeply sympathised with her.

Question 27. She acted ______ my advice.

Answer: She acted on my advice.

Question 28. The hall was full ____ people.

Answer: The hall was full of people.

Question 29. I am obliged _____ you ____ your kindness.

Answer: I am obliged to you for your kindness.

Question 30. She insisted _______ going there.

Answer: She insisted on going there.

Exercise 2

Fill in the blanks with suitable Prepositions:

Question 1. I left my suitcase ______ the station.

Answer: I left my suitcase at the station.

Question 2. The train is ______ time.

Answer: The train is on time.

Question 3. The train will arrive ______ platform 2.

Answer: The train will arrive at platform 2.

Question 4. Are you going to compete _______ the prize?

Answer: Are you going to compete for the prize?

Question 5. This book is full ____ mistakes.

Answer: This book is full of mistakes.

Question 6. We were glad ______ her success.

Answer: We were glad of her success.

Question 7. His character is different _____ yours

Answer: His character is different from yours

Question 8. I am anxious ____ your health.

Answer: I am anxious about your health.

Question 9. Are you familiar ___ her?

Answer: Are you familiar with her?

Question 10. He was found guilty ____ murder.

Answer: He was found guilty of murder.

Question 11. He parted _______ his children with tears.

Answer: He parted from his children with tears.

Question 12. We waited _____ the rain.

Answer: We waited for the rain.

Question 13. Take care _______ your health.

Answer: Take care of your health.

Question 14. She does not care _______ anyone.

Answer: She does not care for anyone.

Question 15. The dog is faithful ____ his master.

Answer: The dog is faithful to his master.

Question 16. We should be thankful ____ God _____ His gifts.

Answer: We should be thankful to God for His gifts.

Question 17. Don’t listen _____ her.

Answer: Don’t listen to her.

Question 18. The king ruled ____ a vast country.

Answer: The king ruled over a vast country.

Question 19. Talk _____ something else.

Answer: Talk about something else.

Question 20. I will not hide the truth ______ toy.

Answer: I will not hide the truth from toy.

Question 21. I am not afraid ____ death.

Answer: I am not afraid of death.

Question 22. I am preparing _____ the examination.

Answer: I am preparing for the examination.

Question 23. I relied _____ the information you gave me.

Answer: I relied on the information you gave me.

Question 24. We searched _____ the dog everywhere.

Answer: We searched for the dog everywhere.

Question 25. She was angry ______ me for nothing.

Answer: She was angry with me for nothing.

Question 26. He is now free ______ pain.

Answer: He is now free from pain.

Question 27. Health is necessary _____ successful life.

Answer: Health is necessary for a successful life.

Question 28. He is sure  ______ success.

Answer: He is sure of success.

CBSE Class 8 English Chapter 15 Structure Of Sentences

1. We have learnt that a sentence is a group of words that makes complete sense. We have also learnt that every sentence consists of two parts—(1) the Subject, and (2) the Predicate.

The Subject denotes the person or thing about which something is said.
The Predicate is what is said about the person or thing denoted by the Subject.

When the Subject of a sentence consists of several words, there is always one word in it that is more important than the other words. This chief word is called the Subject-word or Simple Subject.

Thus, in the sentence – The hungry lion roars, the Noun lion is the subject word.

The Subject

The Subject is always a Noun, or a word or a group of words that does the work ofa Noun; as,

Examples

1. Birds fly.
2. He works hard
3. The poor are with us.
4. Swimming is a good exercise
5. To err is human.
6. To find fault is easy.

It will be noticed that

In sentence 1, the Subject is a Noun;

In sentence 2, the Subject is a Pronoun;

In sentence 3, the Subject is an Adjective used as a Norm;

In sentence 4, the Subject is a Gerund.

In sentence 5, the Subject is an Infinitive;

In sentence 6, the Subject is a group of words doing the work of a Noun.

Enlargement Of The Subject

Sometimes the subject-word is qualified by an Adjective, or some word or group of words that does the work of an Adjective. This is called its Enlargement or Attribute, as,

Example:

1. Lazy boys fail.
2. Barking dogs seldom bite.
3. Raman’s brother is a doctor.
4. His father is not here.
5. Bali, my brother, has passed.
6. A desire to succeed is necessary
7. Boys of bad character are shunned
8. The Predicate

It will be noticed that —

In sentence 1, the attribute is an adjective;

In sentence 2, the attribute is a participle;

In sentence 3, the attribute is a noun in the possessive case;

In sentence 4, the attribute is a possessive adjective;

In sentence 5, the attribute is a noun in apposition;

In sentence 6, the attribute is a gerundial infinitive;

In sentence 7, the Attribute is a group of words doing the work of an Adjective.

We have seen that the Predicate may consist of one word or several words. When it consists of one word, that word is always a Verb.

When it consists of several words, the essential word in the Predicate is always a Verb. Thus, in the sentence below — Harry is a lazy boy, the word is is the Verb.

Extension Of The Predicate

Just as the subject-word may be qualified by an Adjective or a word or a group of words doing the work of an Adjective, in the same way the Verb in the Predicate may be qualified by an Adverb or a word or a group of words doing the work of an Adverb, called its Extension or Adverbial Qualification; as,

1. The bulbul sings sweetly.
2. She went home.
3. He rose early next morning.
4. The teacher spoke angrily.
5. The sun having risen, we started

It will be noticed that —

In sentence 1, the Extension is an Adverb;

In sentence 2, the Extension is an Adverbial Object;

In sentence 3, the Extension is an Adverb Phrase.

In sentence 4, the Extension is a group of words doing the work of an Adverb;

In sentence 5, the Extension is an Absolute Phrase.

The Object

When the Verb in the Predicate is a Transitive Verb, it requires an Object to complete its sense.

For example, if we say—‘Birds build’, we do not make complete sense. You want to know what the birds build. The Verb build requires an Object, such as nests, to make complete sense.

Now, examine the Predicates in the following sentences —

Examples:

1. Cats catch mice.
2. He knowns here
3. The rich people should help the poor.
4. The foolish crow tried to sing.
5. The brave Rajputs loved fighting.
6. I do not know how to swim.

It will be noticed that —

In sentence 1, the Object is a Noun;

In sentence 2, the Object is a Pronoun;

In sentence 3, the Object is an Adjective used as a Noun;

In sentence 4, the Object is an Infinitive;

In sentence 5, the Object is a Gerund or Verbal Noun;

In sentence 6, the Object is a group of words doing the work of a Noun.

Enlargement Of The Object

An Object-word may have, like the Subject-word, an Attribute; as,

Examples:

1. We plucked red roses.
2. I met Raman’s father
3. He hurt his finger.
4. The policemen caught the wandering beggars.
5. All boys love Bali, the captain of our team.
6. She has money to spend.
7. The teacher found the boys making a noise.

It will be noticed that —

In sentence 1, the Enlargement of the Object is an Adjective;

In sentence 2, the Enlargement of the Object is a Noun in the Possessive Case;

In sentence 3, the Enlargement is a Possessive Adjective ;

In sentence 4, the Enlargement is a Participle;

In sentence 5, the Enlargement is a Noun in Apposition.

In sentence 6, the Enlargement is an Infinitive;

In sentence 7, the Enlargement is a group of words doing the work of an Adjective.

Direct And Indirect Objects

Sometimes the Transitive Verb in the Predicate takes two Objects—one Object shows the person for whom something is done, or to whom something is said or given; the other Object shows what is done, said, or given to the person.

The Object showing the person for whom something is done, or to whom something is said or given, is called the Indirect Object. The Object showing what is done, said, or given to the person is called the Direct Object.

Now, examine the predicates in the following sentences—

Examples:

1. The teacher gave Harry a prize.
2. He told us a story.
3. He showed Mary a picture.

The Complement

When the verb in the predicate is an Intransitive Verb, it can make complete sense by itself. But sometimes the verb in the predicate is an Intransitive Verb that requires an additional word or words to complete its meaning, as in, The sky grew dark.

If we merely say ‘The sky grew’, the words do not make complete sense. Grew is an Intransitive Verb, and requires some word (e.g., dark) to complete its meaning.

Such a verb is called a Verb of Incomplete Predication. What is required to complete the Predicate is called a Complement. A Complement that refers to the Subject of the Verb is called a Subjective Complement.

Now, examine the predicates in the following sentences —

1. Advani is a doctor.
2. It is I.
3. The Earth is round.
4. The woman seems worried.
5. Your brother is here.
6. This house is to let.
7. This book is of great use.

It will be noticed that —

In sentence 1, the Complement is a Noun;

In sentence 2, the Complement is a Pronoun;

In sentence 3, the Complement is an Adjective;

In sentence 4, the Complement is a Participle ;

In sentence 5, the Complement is an Adverb;

In sentence 6, the Complement is an Infinitive;

In sentence 7, the Complement is a group of words doing the work of an Adjective.

Certain Transitive Verbs require, besides the Object, an additional word or words to complete their meaning; as,

The people made him king.

Here, the Pronoun him is the Object of the Transitive Verb made which requires the word king to make the sense complete.

The Complement (king) here refers to the Object him. It is, therefore, called the Objective Complement.

Now, examine the Predicates in the following sentences —

Examples:

1. We called her Pinky.
2. The police found him guilty.
3. We heard the lion roaring.
4. This will make her repent.
5. These words filled her with shame.

Exercise -1

Arrange the group of words in their proper order to make sense

Question 1. In time, a stitch, nine, saves
Answer: A stitch in time saves nine.

Question 2. Now, airmen are crossing the Atlantic, airmen, quite regularly
Answer: Airmen are now crossing the Atlantic quite regularly.

Question 3. We used, years ago, instead of electric lamps, oil lamps
Answer: Years ago, we used oil lamps instead of electric lamps.

Question 4. Plenty of money, from kind friends, he was supplied with
Answer: He was supplied with plenty of money by kind friends.

Question 5. Unanimously elected him captain of the team, the boys
Answer: The boys unanimously elected him captain of the team.

Question 6. Our mother, this interesting story, one wintry night, told us
Answer: One winter night, the mother told us this interesting story.

Question 7. At the end of the road, a beautiful statue, you will find, made of marble
Answer: At the end of the road, you will find a beautiful statue made of marble

Question 8. How to do it, again and again, they showed him
Answer: They showed him how to do it again and again.

Question 9. The arctic ocean, airmen, very often, yet, have not crossed
Answer: Airmen have not yet crossed the Arctic Ocean very often.

Question 10. A large number of foreigners, in the park, yesterday, saw, taking photographs
Answer: Yesterday, they saw a large number of foreigners taking photographs in the park.

Exercise -2

Underline the verbs in the sentences given in Exercise 1. Then make a chart of the sentences as shown in the example. One is done for you.

Answer: 

Exercise 3

Underline the Indirect object and circle the Direct object in each sentence-

Question 1. The teacher asked us to sing a song.
Answer:

Indirect Object: us
Direct Object: (to sing a song)

Question 2. I apologised to Rohan for my mistake.
Answer:

Indirect Object: Rohan (object of preposition “to”)
Direct Object: (my mistake)

Question 3. Please give this book to him.
Answer:

Direct Object: (this book)
Indirect Object: him

Question 4. The leader proposed that we follow his plan.
Answer:

Direct Object: (that we should follow his plan)
(No indirect object in this sentence)

Question 5. She told me that the film was terrible.
Answer:

Indirect Object: me
Direct Object: (that the film was terrible)

CBSE Class 8 English Chapter 23 Combination Of Sentences

Two or more Simple Sentences can be joined to form one Single Sentence by using Conjunctions. Study the following examples:

Exercise -1

Join each of the following pairs of simple Sentences into a single sentence

1. By using the Conjunction and:

Question 1. My brother got a prize. My sister got a prize.
Answer: My brother got a prize, and my sister got a prize.

Question 2. Mary is a clever girl. Pinky is a clever girl.
Answer: Mary is a clever girl, and Pinky is a clever girl.

Question 3. The sun rises in the east. The sun sets in the west.
Answer: The sun rises in the east, and it sets in the west.

Question 4. I can speak English. I can write English.
Answer: I can speak English, and I can write English.

Question 5. God made the country. Man made the town.
Answer: God made the country, and man made the town.

2. By using the Conjunction as well as :

Question 1. Tom passed. Peter passed.
Answer: Tom passed, as well as Peter.

Question 2. Sheila was to blame. Lily was to blame.
Answer: Sheila was to blame, as well as Lily.

Question 3. She sings. She plays the harmonium.
Answer: She sings, as well as plays the harmonium.

Question 4. We should obey our parents. We should honour them.
Answer: We should obey our parents, as well as honour them.

Question 5. The little child was fast asleep. Its mother was fast asleep.
Answer: The little child was fast asleep, as well as its mother.

3. By using the Conjunction not only…but also :

Question 1. He lost his ticket. He lost his luggage.
Answer: He lost not only his ticket but also his luggage.

Question 2. He was fined. He was sent to prison.
Answer: He was not only fined but also sent to prison.

Question 3. Bali is mischievous. He is cruel.
Answer: Bali is not only mischievous but also cruel.

Question 4. She told a lie. She deceived us.
Answer: She not only told a lie but also deceived us.

Question 5. His enemies declared him to be guilty. His best friends declared him to be guilty
Answer: Not only his enemies but also his best friends declared him guilty.

4. By using the Conjunction or :

Question 1. Do you like tennis? Do you like badminton?
Answer: Do you like tennis or badminton?

Question 2. She must weep. She will die.
Answer: She must stop, or she will die.

Question 3. Do your work honestly. Leave my service.
Answer: Do your work honestly, or leave my service.

Question 4. You must obey the rules. You must leave the school.
Answer: You must obey the rules, or you must leave the school.

Question 5. You must tell the truth. You will be punished.
Answer: You must tell the truth, or you will be punished.

5. By using the Conjunction either… or :

Question 1. The king must attend the ceremony. The queen must attend the ceremony.
Answer: Either the king or the queen must attend the ceremony.

Question 2. You can write with a pencil. You can write in ink.
Answer: You can write either with a pencil or in ink.

Question 3. You should go there at once. Your brother should go there at once.
Answer: Either you or your brother should go there at once.

Question 4. He has made a mistake. His brother has made a mistake.
Answer: Either he or his brother has made a mistake.

Question 5. Make your purchase. Get out of my shop.
Answer: Either make your purchase or get out of my shop.

5. By using the Conjunction neither… nor :

Question 1. He has no gold. He has no silver.
Answer: He has neither gold nor silver.

Question 2. She cannot read English. She cannot write English.
Answer: She can neither read nor write English.

Question 3. Do not be a borrower. Do not be a lender.
Answer: Be neither a borrower nor a lender.

Question 4. He does not love her. He does not hate her.
Answer: He neither loves nor hates her.

Question 5. He did not admit it. He did not deny it.
Answer: He neither admitted nor denied it.

6. By using the Conjunction else or otherwise :

Question 1. You must work hard. You will not pass.
Answer: You must work hard, otherwise you will not pass.

Question 2. Walk quickly. You will miss the train.
Answer: Walk quickly, else you will miss the train.

Question 3. Give her water immediately. She will die.
Answer: Give her water immediately, otherwise she will die.

Question 4. Do your work properly. You will be dismissed.
Answer: Do your work properly, or else you will be dismissed.

Question 5. We must do our homework. The teacher will punish us.
Answer: We must do our homework, otherwise the teacher will punish us.

2. Study the following examples carefully

Exercise 2

Join each of the following pairs of simple Sentences into a single sentence

1. By using the Conjunction but :

Question 1. I called on you. You were not at home.
Answer: I called on you, but you were not at home.

Question 2. The days are hot. The nights are cold.
Answer: The days are hot, but the nights are cold.

Question 3. He was a good speaker. He was a bad writer.
Answer: He was a good speaker, but he was a bad writer.

Question 4. She writes slowly. She writes neatly.
Answer: He writes slowly, but she writes neatly.

Question 5. He has passed. His sister has failed
Answer: He has passed, but his sister has failed.

2. By using the conjunctions though, although, still, or yet :

Question 1. He has got a prize. He is not satisfied.
Answer: Though he has got a prize, he is not satisfied.

Question 2. He is very rich. He is not content.
Answer: He is very rich, yet he is not content.

Question 3. He is sixty years old. He works very hard.
Answer: Although he is sixty years old, he works very hard.

Question 4. My uncle has great wealth. He is not happy.
Answer: My uncle has great wealth, but still, he is not happy.

Question 5. Bali is very poor. He does not work at all.
Answer: Though Bali is very poor, he does not work at all.

Question 6. Hari worked hard. He could not succeed.
Answer: Hari worked hard, yet he could not succeed.

Question 7. My uncle is very rich. He is not proud of his wealth.
Answer: Although my uncle is very rich, he is not proud of his wealth.

Question 8. Hari is very strong. He is not courageous.
Answer: Hari is very strong, but still, he is not courageous.

Question 9. He may deceive me. I trust him.
Answer: Though he may deceive me, I trust him.

Question 10. The poor man was very weak. He did a lot of work.
Answer: The poor man was very weak, yet he did a lot of work.

3. By using the Conjunction therefore or so :

Question 1. I have caught a cold. I shall stay at home.
Answer: I have caught a cold, so I shall stay at home.

Question 2. He was late. He could not catch the train.
Answer: He was late, therefore, he could not catch the train.

Question 3. He was found guilty. He was hanged.
Answer: He was found guilty, so he was hanged.

Question 4. I had a severe headache. I could not attend school yesterday.
Answer: I had a severe headache, therefore I could not attend school yesterday.

Question 5. He was ill. He could not attend the meeting.
Answer: He was ill, so he could not attend the meeting.

3. Study the following examples carefully

Exercise 3

Join each of the following pairs of simple Sentences into a single sentence

Question 1. He could scarcely stand. He was very tired.
Answer: He could scarcely stand because he was very tired.

Question 2. The meeting was over. All the people went home.
Answer: When the meeting was over, all the people went home.

Question 3. He was hanged. He had committed murder.
Answer: He was hanged because he had committed murder.

Question 4. The thief saw the policeman coming. He immediately ran away.
Answer: As soon as the thief saw the policeman coming, he immediately ran away.

Question 5. He tried his best. He failed the test.
Answer: Although he tried his best, he failed the test.

Question 6. He is very rich. He is not happy.
Answer: He is very rich, yet he is not happy.

Question 7. He worked hard. His purpose was to get a scholarship.
Answer: He worked hard to get a scholarship.

Question 8. I am intelligent. My brother is more intelligent.
Answer: I am intelligent, but my brother is more intelligent.

Question 9. His brother loves him. He loves his brother more.
Answer: His brother loves him, but he loves his brother more.

Question 10. Rama works hard. His brother works equally hard.
Answer: Rama works hard, and his brother works equally hard.

Question 11. He is patient. You are not equally patient.
Answer: He is patient, but you are not equally patient.

Question 12. All will respect you. You must be honest.
Answer: All will respect you if you are honest.

Question 13. You must work hard. You will never succeed.
Answer: Unless you work hard, you will never succeed.

Question 14. He heard the news. He began to weep.
Answer: On hearing the news, he began to weep.

Question 15. You will never pass. You must work hard.
Answer: You will never pass unless you work hard.

4. Study the following examples carefully:

Exercise-4

Join each of the following pairs of simple Sentences into a single sentence:—

Question 1. I remember the house. I was born there.
Answer: I remember the house where I was born.

Question 2. Here is the pen. You were looking for it.
Answer: Here is the pen that you were looking for.

Question 3. These are the boys. Their parents are dead.
Answer: These are the boys whose parents are dead.

Question 4. Jack gets the first prize. He deserves it.
Answer: Jack gets the first prize, which he deserves.

Question 5. This is the place. The accident occurred here.
Answer: This is the place where the accident occurred.

Question 6. She is Mrs Kaul. Her daughter is an actress.
Answer: She is Mrs. Kaul, whose daughter is an actress.

Question 7. We have found the book. We lost it yesterday.
Answer: We have found the book that) We lost yesterday.

Question 8. The villagers are very lazy. You praised them so much.
Answer: The villagers, whom you praised so much, are very lazy.

Question 9. My mother will always be grateful to you. You helped
her.
Answer: My mother, whom you helped, will always be grateful to you.

Question 10. The old man is my uncle. You have bought his house.
Answer: The old man, whose house you have bought, is my uncle.

5. Study the following examples carefully

Exercise 5

Join each of the following pairs of simple Sentences into a single sentence

Question 1. He went to Agra. He wished to see the Taj Mahal.
Answer: He went to Agra to see the Taj Mahal.

Question 2. She felt tired. She laid her work aside.
Answer: Feeling tired, she laid her work aside.

Question 3. He failed in the first attempt. He made no further attempt.
Answer: Having failed in the first attempt, he made no further attempt.

Question 4. The police arrived. The thieves ran away.
Answer: When the police arrived, the thieves ran away.

Question 5. The bank was closed. We could not get any money.
Answer: Since the bank was closed, we could not get any money.

Question 6. She has eight children. She must look after them.
Answer: With eight children to look after, she is always busy.

Question 7. The lecture was over. We returned home.
Answer: After the lecture was over, we returned home.

Question 8. He finished his work. He went out for a walk.
Answer: After finishing his work, he went out for a walk.

Question 9. Ashoka ruled over India. He was a good and noble king.
Answer: Ashoka, who ruled over India, was a good and noble king.

Question 10. He was ill last month. He was unable to attend school.
Answer: Due to his illness last month, he was unable to attend school.

CBSE Class 8 English Chapter 22 Conditional Clauses

1. Look at the sentence given below: If you get up at four in the morning, you will see the beautiful sunrise. The sentence has two clauses. If you get up at four in the morning is the conditional clause. You will see the beautiful sunrise. It is the main clause.

2. There are four types of conditional clauses. There is a different pair of tenses in each pair type.

1. When we use an adverbial clause beginning with if to describe general truths or scientific facts. The pattern is:

Simple present, — simple present

Example: If you persevere, you can acquire any knowledge.

If the condition is fairly likely or probable, we use the  simple present tense in the adverbial clause and a modal + base form of the verb in the main clause (future tense)

Examples:

1. If I have time, I shall meet you.
2. We will arrest him if he continues to defy us.
3. The boy might work harder if you give him a raise.
4. If you go during visiting hours, you can meet him.
5. If you want to slim down, you should exercise daily.
6. If you want to avoid pain, you must eat a proper diet.
7. In the if clause, we can use simple present, present continuous, or the present perfect tense.

Examples:

1. If you meet me at the station, I will give you the book.
2. If you are going to the market, please take a basket with you.
3. If you have completed your work, you can go home.

3. The unlikely (improbable) conditional

1. If I were a millionaire, I would buy this island. (but I am not a millionaire)
2. If I were you, I would buy this house. (But I am not you.)
3. If I win the lottery, I will be rich and famous.
4. (But it is unlikely that I will win a lottery.)

4. Double Future: This form is used for cooperation or a request.

Examples:

1. If you find the purse, I will reward you.
2. If he washes the clothes, I will press them.

In some cases, it is replaced by should, had, or were.

Examples:

1. Were he to see you now (should he see you now), he would be shocked.
2. Had you worked harder, you would have succeeded in your test.
3. Should he hear the news of your failure, he would be shocked.

Exercise 1

Tick the option which correctly completes the sentence. In some cases, more than one or all might be correct:—

Question 1. If it rains,

1. The First Test Match will be cancelled.
2. The First Test Match would be cancelled.
3. The First Test Match ought to be cancelled.

Answer: 1. The First Test Match will be cancelled.

Question 2. When water freezes,

1. It Turns Into Ice.
2. It Should Turn Into Ice
3. It Would Turn Into Ice.

Answer: 1. It turns into ice.

Question 3. If I have time,

1. I shall go to the Book Fair.
2. I might go to the Book Fair.
3. I would go to the book fair

Answer:

I shall go to the Book Fair.
I might go to the Book Fair.

Question 4. If Hari meets Sameer,

1. He must remind him to meet me.
2. Remind him to meet me.
3. He ought to remind him to meet me.

Answer:

He must remind him to meet me.
He ought to remind him to meet me.

Question 5. If you will perform at my party,

1. I will give you a big remuneration.
2. I might give you a big remuneration.
3. I must give you a big remuneration.

Answer: I will give you a big remuneration.

Question 6. If I weren’t so busy,

1. I would have gone to the exhibition.
2. I would go to the exhibition.
3. I should visit the exhibition.

Answer: I would have gone to the exhibition

Question 7. If I were you,

1. I would never refuse Rohan’s offer.
2. I would never have refused Rohan’s offer.
3. I will never refuse Rohan’s offer.

Answer: I would never refuse Rohan’s offer.

Question 8. If he had admitted his mistake,

1. We may have forgiven him.
2. We would forgive him.
3. We may have forgiven him.

Answer: We would forgive him.

Question 9. If I had money,

1. I might buy a new car.
2. I shall buy a new car.
3. You Should Exercise daily

Answer: 1. I might buy a new car.

Question 10. If you want to keep fit,

1. Take exercise daily,
2. You must take some exercise daily.
3. You must take some exercise daily.

Answer: 1. Take exercise daily.
You must take some exercise daily.

Exercise 2

State what type of conditional clause is used in the following sentences (universal truth, likely or probable, improbable, imaginary):—

Question 1. If you heat ice, it melts._______
Answer: Universal truth (Zero Conditional)

Question 2. If I win the lottery, I will buy a new house.____
Answer: Likely or probable (First Conditional)

Question 3. If I were a ghost, I would scare people.______
Answer: Imaginary (Second Conditional)

Question 4. If you had asked me to do it, I would have done it._____
Answer: Unlikely or improbable (Third Conditional)

Question 5. If I find anything wrong, I shall inform you._____
Answer: Likely or probable (First Conditional)

Exercise 3

Certain phrases are given in two boxes. Combine them to make an ‘If’ sentence

Answer:

1. If you do not park here, you will be fined.
2. If my parents agree, I will go abroad for studies.
3. If you are satisfied, he will be included in the team.
4. If you regulate your diet, you will be cured of indigestion.
5. If your plans failed, do not blame us.

Exercise 4. Remove the following sentences and use (had, should, unless, or were). Make the necessary changes

Question 1. If I had not rung him up, he would not have come to my party.Had_______________________________
Answer: Had I not rung him up, he would not have come to my party.

Question 2. If he does not satisfy you with this work, we will not employ him. Unless______________________________
Answer: Unless he satisfies you with this work, we will not employ him.

Question 3. If I meet him tomorrow, I will inform him of your visit.
Should_______________________________
Answer: Should I meet him tomorrow, I will inform him of your visit

Question 4. If you had worked hard, you would not have been rejected today.
Had_______________________________
Answer: Had you worked hard, you would not have been rejected today

Question 5. If the patient feels pain, you should give him this injection.
Unless______________________________
Answer: Do not give him this injection unless the patient feels pain.

Question 6. If you go to the top of the building, you will see the fireworks.
______________________________
Answer: Should you go to the top of the building, you will see the fireworks.

Question 7. If I were the monitor, I would keep the class quiet.
______________________________
Answer: If I were the monitor, I would keep the class quiet.

Question 8. If poaching is not stopped, tigers will soon become extinct.
______________________________
Answer: Unless poaching is stopped, tigers will soon become extinct.

Question 9. If there is not enough food, many animals will die.
______________________________
Answer: Unless there is enough food, many animals will die.

Question 10. If I have the time, I shall go to the party.
______________________________
Answer: Should I have the time, I shall go to the party.

CBSE Class 8 English Revision Test 2

1. Underline the Finite verbs and circle the Non-finite verbs in the passage given below. Almost the whole village stopped to watch the big boat being built at some point or the other. No one else owned such a large boat or even worked on one.

Perhaps they were jealous and that was why no one had a good word for it. They did not want to believe it would do well at sea. But they, in a way, were proud too. Building a big boat like this in their village was an achievement.

Finite verbs: stopped, owned, were, was, had, did, want, would do, were, was

Non-finite verbs: to watch, being built, worked, believe, Building

2. Fill in the correct form of the Infinitives-

Question 1. I am going__________________(work) overtime today.
Answer: To work

Question 2. He seems___________________(lose) his patience with the workers.
Answer: To have lost

Question 3._________________(honest), I do not like his paintings at all.
Answer: To be honest

Question 4. Alka was ___________________(hope) the prize.
Answer: Hoping

Question 5. The boy has _______________(eat) his food, tell him ____________(finish) it soon please.
Answer: To eat; to finish

3. Fill in the blanks with the ‘ing ’ form of the verbs given in brackets. Write G for Gerunds and P for Participles in the space given for the new words you have made:

Question 1. I heard the phone________________(ring) but it stopped before I could pick it up.(_________)
Answer: ringing (P)

Question 2. I was thrilled to see Bhutia make the__________________(win) Goal in the (win) goal in the final of the football match.(_________)
Answer: winning (P)

Question 3. _______________(travel round the world is a great experience.(_________)
Answer: Traveling (G)

Question 4. The food looked so delicious, I could not help _____________(taste) it (_________)
Answer: tasting (G)

Question 5. He was tried of _____________ (sit in the lawn for long hours.(_________)
Answer: sitting (G)

Question 6. I really would like___________(meet the great chess master, Vishwanathan Anand.(_________)
Answer: meeting (G)

Question 7. He did not like ___________(live) in Delhi, and wanted to go back to Shimla.
Answer: living (G)

Question 8. The best way of___________(explore) any country is by land.(________)
Answer: exploring (G)

Question 9. He will have to give up_____________(sing). His Voice Is getting worse and worse.(_________)
Answer: singing; getting (G, P)

4. Change the following sentences in the passive form of the Verbs. Follow the instructions given in the brackets. One is done for you

Question 1. The damaged property was compensated for by the government (compensate/use Simple Past tense)
Answer: The damaged property was compensated for by the government.

Question 2. Somebody________________ the invitation cards by tomorrow, (post/use Simple Future Tense)
Answer: The invitation cards will be posted by somebody by tomorrow.

Question 3. Sombody _____________already ____________the police(Inform/Use past perfect tense)
Answer: The police had already been informed by somebody.

Question 4. These houses _________ by the end of this month (demolish/use future perfect Tense
Answer: These houses will have been demolished by the end of this month.

Question 5. All the laws of the country ______________(Obey/use a modal)
Answer: All the laws of the country must be obeyed.

Question 6. The school timetable____________(revise/use Present Continuous tense)
Answer: The school timetable is being revised.

Question 7. The Old Employees_________by the company (Retire/use past continous tense)
Answer: The old employees were being retired by the company.

Question 8. A new tax on petrol_____________by the control (announce/use present perfect tense)
Answer: A new tax on petrol has been announced by the Government.

Question 9. Please maintain silence. (Change into a request in the Passive form)
Answer: Silence is requested to be maintained.

Question 10. Your son should manage your business now. (Begin with ‘let’)
Answer: Let your business be managed by your son now.

5. Change the following passage in the Passive We have opened a new toy shop in the biggest mall of our city. Mothers come in large numbers to our shop. They bring their children with them.

The salesmen find it hard to handle the children. But we make a big sale every day, specially on holidays.

Answer: A new toy shop has been opened by us in the biggest mall of our city. Mothers come in large numbers to our shop. Their children are brought with them by the mothers. The children are found hard to handle by the salesmen. But a big sale is made every day by us, especially on holidays.

6. Use the Passive form of the verbs in the Future Perfect Tense to change the following passage:—

Our house will be renovated by October. After October you will find it a completely changed place. There will be new furniture, new curtains, new carpets in every room. The kitchen will be transformed into a modern modular kitchen.

7. Habitat Centre is staging a play titled “A Comedy of Errors They have made some rules for the audience. Change the rules into passive voice:—

1. All guests should be in their seats by 6 o’clock sharp.
Answer: All guests are expected to be seated by 6 o’clock sharp.

2. Guests should not bring any eatables, cameras, or big bags with them.
Answer: Eatables, cameras, or big bags are not to be brought by guests.

3. Children under ten cannot watch the play.
Answer: The play cannot be watched by children under ten

4. You should switch off your mobile.
Answer: Mobile phones should be switched off.

5. Guests will maintain silence during the play.
Answer: Silence must be maintained during the play by guests.

8. Change the degree of the following sentences as indicated:—

1. No city is as interesting as Mumbai. (Change to Superlative degree)
Answer:

Superlative Degree:

Mumbai is the most interesting city.

2. It is by far the most expensive city in India. (Change to Comparative degree)
Answer:

Comparative Degree:

It is more expensive than any other city in India.

3. Life in Mumbai is busier and noisier than in any other city. (Change to Positive degree)
Answer:

Positive Degree:

No other city is as busy and noisy as Mumbai.

4. Some of the richest business magnates live in Mumbai. (Change to Comparative degree)
Answer:

Comparative Degree:

Some business magnates are richer than those living in other cities.

5. Her handwriting is worse than mine. (Change to Superlative)
Answer:

Superlative Degree:

Her handwriting is the worst (of all).

9. Fill in the blanks with Adverbs in Comparative or Superlative forms:

1. When Mrs Bose reached home, two_________ hours later than usual, she found the house quiet.
Answer: later; unusually

2. Manohar was ___________Unwell, so That He Could Not Eat Anything.
Answer: So

3. We enjoyed the movie very much, it was ____________Interesting One.
Answer: The most

4. He walked __________to reach the stadium in time 
Answer: Quickly

5. The teacher was____________ Irritated at the strange behaviour of the class.
Answer: Extremely

10. Combine the following sentences without using the Conjunction and or but

1. It may be so. I cannot tell.
Answer: It may be so; I cannot tell.

2. Mother has gone to the market. Please call again later.
Answer: Since Mother has gone to the market, please call again later.

3. It was raining. We stayed indoors.
Answer: Because it was raining, we stayed indoors.

4. Would you like to eat a pizza? Do you prefer a hamburger?
Answer: Would you like to eat a pizza, or do you prefer a hamburger?

5. You have not visited us. We came to live here nearly two months ago.
Answer: You have not visited us since we came to live here nearly two months ago.

6. She reached home. She realised that she had left her mobile in her office.
Answer: On reaching home, she realised that she had left her mobile in her office.

11. Fill in the blanks with proper Prepositions :

It is the first mild day ______April. The field ave bright ______ starry yellow daffodils. The first swallow, flashes his blue stain ________the fields_________a joyous twitter and _________ a pause he darts ___________and of the pond. how the swallow revels ___________his freedom! he has travelled 6,000 miles From The dry Deserts _______ Africa _________egland. One Night he rested ___________ a Zulu’s mud hut, another _________ an Oasis a third _______ a Moroccan Mosque. The Whole journey is accomplished _________a fortnight! England may be colder than the Land he left behind, but he knows April Brings promise __________ sunshine. Six thousand miles. ___________the cape _________My tool shed! this is the fourth Spring _________ which the same bird has Returnbed _________make His Home _________me.

Answer:

1. Of
2. With
3. Over
4. With
5. After
6. To
7. Fro
8. In
9. Of
10. To
11. In
12. At
13. In
14. In
15. Of
16. From
17. To
18. In
19. To
20. With

12. Use the following Phrasal Verbs in sentences of your own:

1. Keep on
2. Keep off
3. keep up
4. Put off
5. Put on
6. Put up with

13. Fill in the blanks with a suitable word from the box. One is done for you:—

Hike, too, harder, routes, but defined, more

Haritha and Yogesh were looking for a hike that was different from usual commercial ones. The wanted a get away that did not invole rooms along the ________ it was difficult, for the _________ remote They were, the __________it was to get ibnformation abnout them most hikes are along well __________ rourttes __________they both did not want the rountes which were ____________ well travelled.

Answer:

1. hike
2. Routes
3. Harder
4. Too
5. Defined
6. But
7. More

CBSE Class 8 English Revision Test 1

1. Read the passage given below and answer the questions that follow:—

Up the River Hudson in North America are the Catskill Mountains. In a certain village at the foot of these mountains, there lived long ago a man named Rip Van Winkle. He was a simple and good-natured person, a very kind neighbour and a great favourite among all the good wives of the village. Whenever there was a squabble in the family of Rip, the women in the village always took his side and laid all the blame on Dame Van Winkle.

The children of the village too would shout with joy whenever they saw him. He helped at thensports, made playthings for them, taught to fly kites and shoot marbles and told them long stories of ghosts, witches and Indians.

Rip had no love for labour, if it would bring him profit. He would sit for a whole day on a wet rock and fish without a murmur, even though he did not catch a single fish. He would carry a light gun on his shoulder for hours together and shoot only a few squirrels or wild pigeons.

He would never refuse to assist a neighbour even in roughest toil. The women of the village often employed him to run their errands and to do little jobs for them. In a word, Rip was ready to attend to anybody’s business but his own. He was, however, one of those men who take the world easy. He would eat coarse bread or fine, whichever could be got with least thought or trouble. And he would rather starve on a penny than work for a pound.

Question 1. Find five proper nouns in the passage.

Answer:

1. Hudson
2. Catskill Mountains
3. Rip Van Winkle
4. Dame Van Winkle
5. Indians

Question 2. Find 10 common nouns. (There are even more!)

Answer:

1. village
2. man
3. neighbour
4. wives
5. children
6. sports
7. playthings
8. kites
9. marbles
10. ghosts

3. Turn the following words into abstract nouns.

Question 1. refuse

Answer: refuse → refusal

Question 2. assist

Answer: assist → assistance

Question 3. starve

Answer: starve → starvation

4.

Question 1. Find in the first two paragraphs four Personal Pronouns.

Answer:

Personal Pronouns (first two paragraphs):

1. He (Rip Van Winkle)
2. They (the children)
3. Him (Rip)
4. Their (the children’s)

Question 2. In the 2nd and 3rd paragraphs find three Possessive Adjectives.

Answer:

Possessive Adjectives (2nd & 3rd paragraphs):

1. His (e.g., “his shoulder”)
2. Their (e.g., “their sports”)
3. His (e.g., “his own business”)

Question 3. One Demonstrative three Quantifiers (Determiners).

Answer:

Demonstrative & Quantifiers:

1. Demonstrative: “those men” (3rd paragraph)
2. Quantifiers: “a few squirrels,” “little jobs,” “anybody’s business”

Question 4. Give the Comparative and Superlative forms of rough and little.

Answer:

Comparative & Superlative Forms:

rough → rougher (comparative), roughest (superlative)

little → littler (comparative, though rarely used), least (superlative)

Question 5. Change the sentences in the 3rd paragraph “Rip had no love for labour_______________ wild pigeons” into Simple Present Tense.

Answer:

“Rip has no love for labour if it brings him profit. He sits for a whole day on a wet rock and fishes without a murmur, even though he does not catch a single fish. He carries a light gun on his shoulder for hours together and shoots only a few squirrels or wild pigeons.”

Question 6. He helped them at their sports, made play things for them, taught to fly kites and shoot marbles and told them long stories of ghosts, witches and Indians.
Change the bold verbs to Future Continuous Tense and rewrite the sentence.
Begin: He will be helping them._______________

Answer:

“He will be helping them at their sports, will be making playthings for them, will be teaching them to fly kites and shoot marbles, and will be telling them long stories of ghosts, witches, and Indians.”

Question 7. “He told them long stories.” Change the sentence by including an emphasising pronoun in it.

Answer:

“He himself told them long stories.”

2. Fill in the blanks with suitable modals in the following dialogue

Son: Father, (1)___________ I borrow your car for the day?

Father: No, (2) ______. Why do you want it?

Son: I(3)_________ take my friends on a picnic in my car. I had promised them.

I (4)____________ bring my car.

Father: You (5)________ not have made the promise without asking me first. You (6)______ remember your manners, son.

Son: Sorry, Father. I (7)___________ not do so in future. Please, Father, do allow me.

I (8)__________ to leave soon, (9)________ I?

Father : O.K. You (10)________ take the car but remember in future I__________ (11). not allow you to do so.

Son: Thank you, Father. You (12)_________ not worry. I have learnt my lesson.

Answer :

1. may
2. you can’t.
3. must
4. would
5. should
6. must
7. will
8. have
9. may I
10. can
11. will
12. need

3. Read the following phrases :

You can rewrite them in many ways by changing the modals. Study the example and then do the exercise.

She may be late tonight.

Changes

(1) She can / could be late tonight.

(2) She must not be late tonight.

(3) She ought not to be late tonight.

(4) She will be late tonight.

(5) Will she be late tonight?

(6) She needn’t be late tonight.

(7) She should not be late tonight.

Now, change the following phrases and make three new sentences

1. Everyone must obey the law.

1. Everyone has to obey the law.
2. Everyone should obey the law. (Mild advice)
3. Everyone ought to obey the law.

2. Can I do anything for you?

1. Could I do anything for you?
2. May I do anything for you?
3. Shall I do anything for you?

3. My car needs repairing.

1. My car must be repaired.
2. My car should be repaired.
3. My car ought to be repaired.

4. You should drink more water.

1. You must drink more water.
2. You ought to drink more water.
3. You could drink more water.