1. A Relative Clause describes a noun in the main clause. It is introduced by words like who, which, that, whose, whom, and where. It is, in fact, an Adjective clause. In the sentence — This is the boy who won the first prize tell us, ‘which boy’?

We use who to describe people and which and that to describe all nouns except people.

Examples:

1. This is the fort that Shah Jahan built.

(Here, that Shah Jahan’s built tells us more about the noun ‘fort’).

2. This is the book that you wanted.

(Which you wanted describes the noun book.)

3. Special Use of That: That can be used for whom also.

The boy who stood last in class is my nephew.

There are special cases where we have to use that.

1. We use that after Adjectives in the Superlative degree.

Examples:

1. He is the cruelest person that I have ever met.
2. This is the dullest book that I have ever read.

2. We use that after the words, all, any, anything, none, nothing, everything, etc.

Examples:

1. She disapproved of everything that I did.
2. I was sorry for all that I did to annoy her.

3. That is used when we refer to both a person and a thing.

The man and the car that were flashed on the TV screen revealed the identity of the culprit.

Exercise 1

Tick (V) the right word in the box to complete the

Question 1. He is neglecting the important work that was/which was given to him.
Answer: That was ✓

Question 2. The police are questioning the driver who was/that was driving the blue line bus involved in the accident.
Answer: Who was ✓

Question 3. This is the most complicated case/that I have been asked to solve.
Answer: That ✓

Question 4. The scooter, which/was found abandoned on the road, belonged to a noted criminal.
Answer: That was ✓

Question 5. He distrusts people/who flatter him.
Answer: Who ✓

Question 6. I was the boy who/instigated your son to steal.
Answer: Who ✓

Question 7. I am looking for a worker/whom I can depend on.
Answer: That ✓

Question 8. J.R.D. Tata was the most effective chairman that/we ever had.
Answer: That ✓

Question 9. This is the famous beach/that we visited last year.
Answer: That ✓

Question 10. The architect who/designed this building is now working in Dubai.
Answer: Who ✓

Examples:

She joined a new Company whose management was very incompetent
(Noun)

He gave the dog to Mr Smith, whose pet it was.
(Noun) (Noun)

1. Whose is used mostly for people, and it is used in place of his/her/theirs.
2. Who is the objective form of who? It is used in place of him/her/their; as, The man whom we asked for directions misguided us.
3. In spoken English, who is not used much; that is preferred; as, The man, whom we asked for directions, misguided us.
4. Whom can be used with a preposition: to whom or with whom; as, The boy with whom she went to the theatre left her alone on the road.
   The boy to whom she lent her notes refused to return them.
5. In a relative clause where is used to talk about a place. It is used in place of there.

Examples:

1. The village where I was born is somewhere in Pakistan now.
2. I want to go to a hotel where we can get a good meal.

Exercise 2

Join the sentences under Column A with those under Column B, by changing B into a relative clause using whom, whose and where. One is done for you:—

At Manali, we stayed at a hotel where a golf course was right behind it.

They liked the commentator whose commentary was full of humour.

The boys were talking to the actor whom they had met earlier.

The public booed the man whose poor performance had brought disgrace to the country.

Can you tell us about a decent hotel where we can order a meal for ten people?

The old lady with thick glasses, whom we met at the museum, was a famous archaeologist.

He is the unfortunate artist whose entire work was destroyed by miscreants.

5. Defining and Non-defining Relative Clauses.

Study the following sentences carefully.

1. This is the boy whose parents were killed in a car accident.
2. I live in Ludhiana, which is famous for its woollen industry.

In the above two sentences, the relative clause tells us which person or thing, or what kind of person or thing, the speaker means.

1. “Whose parents were killed in an accident?” tells us “which boy?”
2. “Which is famous for its woollen industry,” tell us more about Ludhiana.
3. This kind of relative clause is called a defining clause.
4. We visited Bengaluru, which we liked very much.
5. I was embarrassed by my son, whose constant crying upset the party.

In the above two sentences, the relative clause does not identify the person or thing.

We already know which place (Bengaluru) or person (my son) is meant. This kind of relative clause is called a non-defining clause. It gives us extra information about a person or thing.

We use a comma (, ) with a non-defining clause and not with a defining clause.

Examples: (i) I met a lady who can speak five languages, (defining clause)

My mother, who can speak five languages, spoke in French at the meeting (non-defining clause)

In defining clauses, we can use that in place of who or which.

Examples:

1. This is the place / that Jack built.
2. This is the sportsman who / holds the world record in swimming.

3. But in non-defining clauses, we cannot use that.

Examples:

1. He borrowed my book, which he never returned.
2. This is my friend Amita, who loves to read novels.

4. In defining clauses, we can leave out who / which / that when it is the object.

Examples:

1. We want a person whom we can trust.
2. The house (which he recommended had no electricity.

(We can drop who / which in these sentences)

5. In a non-defining clause, we cannot leave out who / which.

Examples:

1. We recommended the Carlton Hotel, which served excellent food.
2. (We cannot write: We recommended the Carlton Hotel served excellent food.)
3. We tried Harish, whom we could trust.
4. We cannot write: We tried Harish, we could trust.

Exercise 3

Combine the following sentences into one by converting one of them into a relative clause. In some, you can leave out who/which/that. Put commas whenever it is a non-defining relative clause

Question 1. This was my decision. I regret it to this day
Answer: This was my decision, which I regret to this day.

Question 2. My daughter has completed one course of
antibiotics. It has not helped her at all.
Answer: My daughter has completed one course of antibiotics, which has not helped her at all.

Question 3. The police interrogated the servant. My daughter had identified him
Answer: The police interrogated the servant whom my daughter had identified.

Question 4. This is the diamond necklace. My wife wants it.
Answer: This is the diamond necklace (that my wife wants.

Question 5. Mr Gupta is our social science teacher. He can hold us spellbound with his stories
Answer: Mr Gupta, who can hold us spellbound with his stories, is our social science teacher.

Question 6. This is the pen. I lost it last week.
Answer: This is the pen (that I lost last week.

Question 7. The Beastly Tales is written by Vikram Seth. It is one of my favourite books.
Answer: The Beastly Tales, which is one of my favourite books, is written by Vikram Seth.

Question 8. She is the girl. I went to her house yesterday.
Answer: She is the girl (whom I went to her house yesterday.

Question 9. I talked to the Home Minister about their case. He promised to take serious action.
Answer: I talked to the Home Minister, who promised to take serious action about their case.

Question 10. I gave you a big loan last year. What have you done with it?
Answer: I gave you a big loan last year. What have you done with it?

The post CBSE Class 8 English Chapter 21 Relative Clauses appeared first on CBSE School Notes.

An Adverb Clause in a Complex Sentence does the work of an Adverb. Adverb Clauses are of many kinds.

1. Time
2. Place
3. Purpose
4. Reason
5. Condition
6. Result
7. Comparison
8. Supposition or C

Adverb Clauses Of Time

Adverb Clauses of Time are introduced by the Subordinating Conjunctions when, whenever, while, before, after, till, since, as, etc.

Examples:

1. When the cat is away, the mice will play.
2. He flatters her whenever he meets her.
3. Do not talk while you are eating.
4. Before you go, bring me a cup of water.
5. I will meet you after the meeting is over.
6. Wait till I return.
7. I have been ill since I returned from Pune.
8. As I came out, my mother met me.
9. As soon as she heard the news, she began to cry.
10. Just as he entered the room, the clock struck twelve.
11. No sooner did he see us than he disappeared.

Adverb Clauses Of Place

Adverb Clauses of Place are introduced by the Subordinating Conjunctions where, wherever, whence, whither, etc.

Examples:

1. I have put the book where no one can find it.
2. He fled where no one could find him.
3. I make friends wherever I go.
4. You can stay whenever you like.
5. Go quickly, whence you came.
6. The wind bloweth whither it listeth.

3. Adverb Clauses Of Purpose

Adverb Clauses of Purpose are introduced by the Subordinating Conjunctions that and lest.

Examples :

1. We eat that we may live.
2. They worked hard so that they might become rich.
3. He drew the sword that he might defend himself.
4. He walked slowly lest he should fall.
5. She ate little lest she should fall ill.
6. Write down lest you forget all about the new terms.

4. Adverb Clauses Of Cause Or Reason

Adverb Clauses of Cause or Reason are introduced by the Subordinating Conjunctions because, as, that, since.

Examples:

1. I shall help her because I like her.
2. I could not come yesterday because I was ill.
3. He thinks that, because he is rich, he can buy justice.
4. As he was not there, I spoke to his wife.
5. As he was guilty, I punished him.
6. I am glad that you do not like it.
7. Since you are my friend, I shall help you.
8. Since you promise to serve me faithfully, I will make you my assistant.

5. Adverb Clauses Of Condition

Adverb Clauses of Condition are introduced by the Subordinating Conjunctions if, whether, and unless.

Examples:

1. If it rains, we shall not play.
2. If you eat too much, you will be ill.
3. If you tell me the truth, I will forgive you.
4. You must help her whether you like her or not.
5. He will not pass whether he works or not.
6. Unless he works harder, he will fail.
7. I will forgive you on the condition that you admit your guilt.

6. Adverb Clauses Of Result

Adverb Clauses of Result are introduced by the Subordinating Conjunction that. Usually, so or such precedes it in the Principal Clause.

Examples:

1. He is so old that he can hardly work.
2. She is so a kind woman that all loves her.
3. The news is so good that it cannot be true.
4. They made such a noise that I could not work.
5. He is such a good man that all respects him.
6. She spoke in such a low voice that very few could hear her.
7. So good a man is he that all respect him.
8. So terrible a disease broke out that very few people were left alive.
9. So bravely did they fight that the enemies had to retreat.

7. Adverb Clauses Of Comparison

Adverb Clauses of Comparison are of two kinds:—

1. Adverb Clauses of Comparison of Degree.
2. Adverb Clauses of Comparison of Manner.

(1) Adverb Clauses of Comparison of Degree are introduced by the Subordinating Conjunction than, or by the Relative Adverb

Examples:

1. She is younger than she looks.
2. He works harder than I do.
3. He is as foolish as he is lazy
4. He is not as wise as you think.

2. Adverb Clauses of Comparison of Manner are introduced by the Relative Adverb as, as,

Examples:

1. She does as she pleases.
2. As you sow, so shall you reap.
3. As you have made your bed, so you must lie on it.
4. It all ended as we expected.
5. Adverb Clauses Of Supposition Or Contrast

Adverb Clauses of Supposition or Contrast are introduced by the Subordinating Conjunctions though, although, even if, as,

Examples:

1. Though he is poor, he is honest.
2. Though He slay me, yet I will trust Him.
3. Although he was ill, he attended the meeting.
4. Even if it rains, we shall go to the movie.
5. Even if he is old, he can do a lot of work.
6. Although they fought bravely, they were defeated.
7. Even if you fail, you will be promoted.

Exercise 1

Underline the Adverb Clauses in the following sentences, and say what kind each is

Question 1. We work so that we may pass.___________
Answer: That We May Pass- Adverb Clause Of Purpose

Question 2. He is wiser than I am.___________
Answer: Then I Am -Adverb Clause Of Comparison

Question 3. Even if it rains, I shall come.___________
Answer: Even If It Rains- Adverb Clause Of Condition

Question 4. Though she is rich, she is not happy. ___________
Answer: Though She Is Rich- Adverb Clause Of Concession

Question 5. Although he failed, he was promoted.___________
Answer: Although He Failed- Adverb Clause Of Concession

Question 6. So good a woman is she that all respect her.___________
Answer: That All Respect Her- Adverb Clause Of Result

Question 7. He talked in such a way that all followed him.___________
Answer: In Such A Way That All Followed Him. -Adverb Clause Of Manner/Result

Question 8. If you have tears, prepare to shed them now.___________
Answer: If You Have Tears – Adverb Clause Of Condition

Question 9. Unless you work harder, you will fail.____________
Answer: Unless You Work Harder- Adverb Clause Of Condition

Question 10. You must go there whether you like it or not.___________
Answer: Whether You Like It Or Not.- Adverb Clause Of Concession/Condition

Question 11. He was very pleased that you had passed.___________
Answer: That You Had Passed. – Adverb Clause Of Reason/Result

Question 12. Because I like her, I shall help her.___________
Answer: Because I Like Her- Adverb Clause Of Reason

Question 13. Since you are intelligent, you will pass easily.___________
Answer: Since You Are intelligent, an adverb Clause Of Reason

Question 14. As he was ill, he could not come to school.___________
Answer: As He Was Ill- Adverb Clause Of Reason

Question 15. They worked hard so that they might pass the examination.___________
Answer: That They Might Pass The Examination. – Adverb Clause Of Purpose

Exercise 2

Add a suitable Adverb Clause to each of the following

Question 1. _________ He is honest
Answer: Because he works hard

Question 2. Stop________
Answer: Before it gets dark.

Question 3. He Does_______
Answer: As he is told.

Question 4. He spoke________
Answer: As if he knew everything.

Question 5. I Awarded________
Answer: Whoever performed best.

Question 6. __________ you miss the train
Answer: If you don’t hurry

Question 7. ___________ Is he honest
Answer: Although he is poor

Question 8. Nobody trusts him_________
Answer: Because he lies often.

Question 9. He fled __________
Answer: When he saw the police.

Question 10. He failed______
Answer: Although he tried his best.

Question 11. The sun set_______
Answer: While we were still hiking.

Question 12. Wait here________
Answer: Until I return.

Question 13. I shall ___________
Answer: Go wherever you go.

Question 14. You may do _________
Answer: Whatever you like.

Question 15. He was so tired__________
Answer: That he fell asleep immediately.

The post CBSE Class 8 English Chapter 20 Adverb Clauses appeared first on CBSE School Notes.

1. An Adjective Clause in a Complex Sentence does the work of an Adjective, and so it qualifies some Noun or Pronoun in the Principal Clause.

2. An Adjective Clause is introduced by a Relative Pronoun or Relative Adverb; as,

Examples :

1. This is the boy who won the first prize.
2. This is the book that I found.
3. This is the house that John built.
4. The boy who stole your book has been caught.
5. The time when the train leaves is not known.
6. This is the house where he was born.
7. Those who work hard succeed.
8. The reason why he told a lie is not known.
9. Where is the boy whom you punished?

3. But the Relative Pronoun or Relative Adverb is sometimes understood, and not expressed.

1. Eat all you can.[Here, the Relative Pronoun is understood.]
2. Where is the book I gave you?[Here, the Relative Pronoun is understood.]
3. I met a man I know.[Here, the Relative Pronoun whom is understood.]
4. On the day you pass the examination, I shall give you a prize.
   [Here, the Relative Adverb when is understood.]

5. The reason I have come is to ask for my money. [Here, the Relative Adverb why is understood.]

Exercise -1

Underline the Adjective Clauses in the following sentences

Question 1. God helps those who help themselves.
Answer: Those who help themselves

Question 2. This is the house where she lived.
Answer: Where she lived.

Question 3. This is the boy who stood first in the examination.
Answer: Who stood first in the examination?

Question 4. Here is the book you want.
Answer: you want.

Question 5. He is not the man I can trust
Answer: I can trust.

Question 6. I remember the house where I was born.
Answer: Where I was born.

Question 7. I am the monarch of all I survey.
Answer: I survey.

Question 8. He that climbs too high is sure to fall.
Answer: That climbs too high

Question 9. The story he tells is untrue.
Answer: He tells

Question 10. They never fail who die in a great cause.
Answer: Those who die in a great cause.

Question 11. The house that she lives in belongs to her father.
Answer: That she lives in

Question 12. All that glitters is not gold.
Answer: That glitters

Question 13. He laughs best who laughs last.
Answer: Who laughs last

Question 14. He gave her everything she asked for.
Answer: She asked for.

Question 15. He story he tells is untrue
Answer: That is down

Exercise -2

Fill in the blanks with suitable Adjective Clauses :

Question 1. I know the place __________
Answer: where she was born.

Question 2. He is the man__________
Answer: Who helped me?

Question 3. I want back the book__________
Answer: that I lent you.

Question 4. He never fails__________
Answer: Who works hard?

Question 5. Here is the book __________
Answer: which you were looking for.

Question 6. God helps those__________
Answer: Those who help themselves.

Question 7. Blessed is he__________
Answer: Who trusts in the Lord.

Question 8. He tells a tale__________
Answer: That is hard to believe.

Question 9. This is the girl __________
Answer: Who sang beautifully?

Question 10. I met a girl__________
Answer: Who knows you well?

The post CBSE Class 8 English Chapter 19 Adjective Clauses appeared first on CBSE School Notes.

1. We have already learnt that a Subordinate Clause that does the work of a Noun in a sentence is called a Noun Clause.

2. Since a Noun Clause does the work of a Noun in a Complex Sentence, it can be—

1. The Subject of a Verb.
2. The Object of a Verb.
3. The Object of a Preposition.
4. The Complement of a Verb of Incomplete Predication.
5. In Apposition to a Noun or a Pronoun.

In each of the following Complex Sentences, the Noun Clause is the Subject of a Verb, as,

Examples:

1. What she says is quite true.
2. That he is an honest man is quite clear.
3. When he will return is not known.
4. Why she left is a mystery.
5. How he will help us remains to be seen.

3. In each of the following Complex Sentences, the Noun Clause is the Object ofa Verb, as,

Examples:

1. I do not know when she will return.
2. He spends whatever he earns.
3. Tell me where you live.
4. No one knows how old she is.
5. I believe that he has told a lie.
6. Tell me why you told a lie.

4. In each of the following Complex Sentences, the Noun Clause is the Object of a Preposition, as,

Examples :

1. Pay careful attention to what he says.
2. He was greatly pleased with what I did.
3. It all depends on how it is done.
4. I do not believe in what she says.

5. In each of the following Complex Sentences, the Noun Clause is used as the Complement of a Verb of Incomplete Predication, as,

Examples :

1. She fears that she may fail.
2. This is what she feared most.
3. Life is what we make it.
4. He believes that ghosts can talk
5. My wish is that I may serve you.

6. In each of the following Complex Sentences, the Noun Clause is in Apposition to a Noun or a Pronoun (it), as,

Examples:

1. My hope that you may pass is very strong.
2. The report that he was killed is untrue.
3. Your statement that he loves money is false.
4. It was unfortunate that she was absent.
5. Strangely, she should think so.
6. This is what she feared most.
7. He believes that ghosts can talk.
8. It is feared that he will not help us.
9. She was innocent.

A Noun Clause is generally introduced by the Conjunction that. Sometimes, however, the Conjunction is omitted; as, He says (that) Peter is ill today.

Exercise -1

Underline the Noun Clause in each of the following sentences and say how it is used

Question 1. There is no meaning in what she says.________
Answer:

Noun Clause: what she says
Use: Object of the preposition “in”

Question 2. I do not know where you can find her.________
Answer:

Noun Clause: where you can find her
Use: Object of the verb “know”

Question 3. It is not known who has stolen your book. ________
Answer:

Noun Clause: who has stolen your book
Use: Real subject (formal subject is “It”)

Question 4. That she should think so surprises me.________
Answer:

Noun Clause: That she should think so
Use: Subject of the verb “surprises”

Question 5. She fears that the secret of her birth may be out.v
Answer:

Noun Clause: that the secret of her birth may be out
Use: Complement of the verb “is”

Question 6. That he loves her is known to all. ________
Answer:

Noun Clause: That he loves her
Use: Subject of the verb “is known”

Question 7. I have no faith in what she says.________
Answer:

Noun Clause: what she says
Use: Object of the preposition “in”

Question 8. He asked me whether my father was at home.________
Answer:

Noun Clause: whether my father was at home
Use: Object of the verb “asked”

Question 9. I think you have made a mistake.________
Answer:

Noun Clause: You have made a mistake
Use: Object of the verb “think”

Question 10. The truth is that we have been deceived.________
Answer:

Noun Clause: that we have been deceived
Use: Complement of the verb “is”

Question 11. The news that he has failed is untrue.________
Answer:

Noun Clause: that he has failed
Use: Modifier (restrictive clause modifying “news”, often considered an appositive noun clause)

Question 12. That he will pass this year is uncertain.________
Answer:

Noun Clause: That he will pass this year
Use: Subject of the verb “is”

Exercise 2

Complete the following by adding suitable Noun Clauses

Question 1. Tell him________
Answer: what you want.

Question 2. It is certain________
Answer: that she will succeed.

Question 3. He was pleased with________
Answer: What you gave him.

Question 4. I think________
Answer: You are right.

Question 5. She told us________
Answer: Where the keys were hidden.

Question 6. I fear________
Answer: that we might be late.

Question 7. He replied________
Answer: that he knew nothing.

Question 8. All thought________
Answer: The plan would fail.

Question 9. No one knows________
Answer: Why did he disappear?

Question 10. He knew________
Answer: How to solve the problem.

Question 11. Can you guess________
Answer: Who sent this letter?

Question 12. Do you know________
Answer: When does the train arrive?

Question 13. Will you tell me________
Answer: What happened yesterday?

Question 14. ________is quite certain
Answer: That hard work pays off

Question 15.________ surprises me
Answer: What she said

The post CBSE Class 8 English Chapter 18 Noun Clauses appeared first on CBSE School Notes.

1. Examine the following sentence:—

Raman won the first prize in English.

The sentence contains only one Subject, Raman, and one Finite Verb, won. Such a sentence as this, which has only one Subject and one Finite Verb, is called a Simple Sentence.

A Simple Sentence has only one Subject and one Finite Verb.

2. Examine the following sentences —

1. The way was long and the night was dark.
2. He went to the window and looked out, but saw nobody.

The first sentence consists of two parts —

1. The way was long.
2. The night was dark.

3. These two parts are joined together by the coordinating conjunction and. Each part is a Clause, because each part has a Subject and a Predicate of its own, and each part is a sentence which is a part of a larger sentence.

We further notice that each Clause makes good sense by itself, and hence can stand alone as a complete sentence.

Each Clause is, therefore, independent of the other, or the same order or rank. Such a clause is called a Co-ordinate Clause. Such a sentence as the first, which is made up of clauses of equal rank, is called a Compound Sentence.

The second sentence is also a Compound Sentence. It is made up of three clauses of equal rank, viz.:

1. He went to the window.
2. (He) looked out.
3. (He) saw nobody.

A Compound Sentence is made up of two or more coordinate clauses

The term Double is now used for a sentence that is made up of two coordinate clauses. Multiple is used for a sentence consisting of more than two coordinate clauses.

4. Examine the following sentence —

I do not know where he lives.
This sentence consists of two parts —

1. I do not know.
2. Where he lives

Each part has a subject and a predictor of its own, which form part of a larger sentence. Each part is, therefore, a Clause.

We further notice that the Clause, I do not blow, makes good sense by itself and can, therefore, stand alone as a complete sentence. Such a Clause is called the Principal or Main Clause.

But the Clause, where he lives, does not make good sense by itself and cannot stand alone.

It is dependent for its full meaning upon the Principal Clause, I do not know. It is, therefore, called a Dependent or Subordinate Clause.

Such a sentence as this, which is made up of one Principal Clause and one or more Subordinate Clauses, is called a Complex Sentence.

A Complex Sentence is made up of one Principal Clause and one or more Subordinate Clauses.

Exercise 1

Say which of the following sentences are Compound, and which are Complex? Also, underline the Clause in each case

Question 1. God helps those who help themselves.
Answer:

Type: Complex
Clause: those who help themselves

Question 2. Walk quickly, or you will miss the train.
Answer:

Type: Compound
Clauses: Walk quickly, you will miss the train

Question 3. I know where he has gone.
Answer:

Type: Complex
Clause: where he has gone

Question 4. They rested when the night came.
Answer:

Type: Complex
Clause: When the night came

Question 5. I know a place where wild roses grow.
Answer:

Type: Complex
Clause: where wild roses grow

Question 6. Work hard and you will pass.
Answer:

Type: Compound
Clauses: Work hard, and you will pass

Question 7. Men may come, and men may go, but I go on forever.
Answer:

Type: Compound
Clauses: Men may come, men may go, I go on forever

Question 8. Come tomorrow and get your money.
Answer:

Type: Compound
Clauses: Come tomorrow, get your money

Question 9. We returned home when the sun set.
Answer:

Type: Complex
Clause: When the sun sets

Question 10. All that glitters is not gold.
Answer:

Type: Complex
Clause: that glitters

Question 11. I think he is absent today.
Answer:

Type: Complex
Clause: he is absent today

Question 12. I will live where you live.
Answer:

Type: Complex
Clause: where you live

Question 13. Night came on, and rain fell heavily, and we all got very wet.
Answer:

Type: Compound
Clauses: Night came on, rain fell heavily, and we all got very wet

Question 14. When I went to the bazaar this morning, I met my old friend whom I had not seen for three years.
Answer:

Type: Complex
Clauses: When I went to the bazaar this morning, whom I had not seen for
three years

Question 15. I know the man who said that the Earth is flat.
Answer:

Type: Complex
Clauses: who said that the Earth is flat, that the Earth is flat

Question 16. He goes to school, but his sister stays at home.
Answer:

Type: Compound
Clauses: He goes to school, and his sister stays at home

Question 17. I have no sympathy for a man who is not a hero in the battle of life.
Answer:

Type: Complex
Clause: who is not a hero in the battle of life

Question 18. He does not know who has stolen your book.
Answer:

Type: Complex
Clause: Who has stolen your book

Question 19. Ashok passed, but Raman failed.
Answer:

Type: Compound
Clauses: Ashok passed, Raman failed

Question 20. Nobody knows where he was murdered.
Answer:

Type: Complex
Clause: where he was murdered

Question 21. The news is so good that it cannot be true.
Answer:

Type: Complex
Clause: that it cannot be true

Question 22. The boy who was lost yesterday has been found by the police.
Answer:

Type: Complex
Clause: who was lost yesterday

Question 23. Was he asleep or awake?
Answer:

Type: Simple (interrogative with compound predicate, not compound sentence)

Question 24. He went to the window to look out but found no one there.
Answer:

Type: Compound
Clauses: He went to the window to look out, but found no one there

Question 25. When the cat is away the mouse is at play
Answer:

Type: Complex
Clause: When the cat is away

The post CBSE Class 8 English Chapter 17 Sentence Simple Compound Complex appeared first on CBSE School Notes.

1. Look at the groups of words in italics in the following sentences —

Examples:

1. He left us in the morning.
2. He left us when the morning came.

2. The group of words in sentence 1, in the morning, has a meaning, or makes sense, but it does not make complete sense. It is not a sentence, for it has no Subject and no Predicate. Such a group of words is called a Phrase.

3. A Phrase is a group of words that makes sense, but not complete sense. It has no Subject and no Predicate.

4. The group of words in sentence 2, when the morning came, is not a Phrase, for it has a Subject (the morning) and a Predicate (came) of its own. Such a group of words is called a Clause.

A Clause is a group of words that forms part of a larger sentence, and has a Subject and a Predicate of its own.

5. Study the words in italics in the following sentences

Example:

1. He returned at sunset. [Returned when ?]
2. He returned when the sun set.[Returned when ?]

6. It is evident that both the groups of words in italics, in sentences 1 and 2, do the work of an Adverb, as they show when he returned. But in sentence 1, the group of words at sunset is a phrase. Since it does the work of an Adverb, it is called an Adverb Phrase.

In 2, the group of words when the sun set is a clause, for it has a Subject (the sun) and a Predicate (set) of its own. But since it does the work of an Adverb, it is called an Adverb Clause.

An Adverb Clause is a group of words that contains a Subject and a Predicate of its own, and does the work of an Adverb.

7. Study the words in italics in the following sentences —

Examples:

1. He likes a story with a moral in it.[Which story ?]
2. He likes a story that has a moral in it. [Which story ?]

The first group of words, with a moral in it, describes what sort of story he likes, that is, it qualifies the Noun story and does the work of an Adjective. It is, therefore, called an Adjective Phrase.

8. The second group of words, which has a moral in it, also describes what sort of story he likes, and so does the work of an Adjective. But since it contains a Subject and a Predicate of its own, it is called an Adjective Clause.

An Adjective Clause is a group of words that contains a Subject and a Predicate of its own, and does the work of an Adjective.

9. Study the words in italics in the following sentences:—

Examples:

1. They expected to win the match. [Expected what?]
2. They expected that they would win the match. [Expected what?]

The first group of words, to win the match, does not contain a Subject and a Predicate of its own. It is, therefore, a Phrase. This Phrase does the work of a Noun, since it is the Object of the Verb expected. It is, therefore, called a Noun Phrase.

The second group of words, that they would win the match, contains a Subject (they) and a Predicate (would win the match). It is, therefore, a Clause. This Clause is the Object of the Verb expected and so does the work of a Noun.

It is, therefore, called a Noun Clause. A Noun Clause is a group of words that contains a Subject and a Predicate of its own, and does the work of a Noun.

10. Thus, there are three kinds of Clauses —

1. The Adverb Clause
2. The Adjective Clause
3. The Noun Clause

Exercise -1

Underline the Clauses in the following sentences, and tell the kind of each

Question 1. I asked her where she was going. ________________
Answer: Noun clause

Question 2. He expected that he would win a prize. ________________
Answer: Noun clause

Question 3. The boys went home when the school was over. ________________
Answer: Adverb clause

Question 4. He will pass if he works hard. _______________
Answer: Adverb clause

Question 5. No one knows where he lives. ________________
Answer: Noun clause

Question 6. The mice will play when the cat is away. ________________
Answer: Adverb clause

Question 7. God helps those who help themselves. ________________
Answer: Adjective clause

Question 8. This is the house where I was born. ________________
Answer: Adjective clause

Question 9. I do not know what she wants. ________________
Answer: Noun clause

Question 10. I think he will pass this year. ________________
Answer: Noun clause

Question 11. This is the boy who saved your child’s life. ________________
Answer: Adjective clause

Question 12. I met her when I was in Mumbai.
Answer: Adverb clause

Question 13. The dog that bit the child was mad.____________
Answer: Adjective clause

Question 14. I know who is to blame. ________________
Answer: Noun clause

Question 15. I know the man who is there. ________________
Answer: Adjective clause

Question 16. This is the house that Jack built. ________________
Answer: Adjective clause

Question 17. People who eat too much die early. ________________
Answer: Adjective clause

Question 18. This is the beggar whom we met yesterday. ________________
Answer: Adjective clause

Question 19. I know when he will come. ________________
Answer: Noun clause

Question 20. I know the time when he will come.
Answer: Relative Clause

Exercise 2

Fill in the blanks with suitable Clauses

Adverb Clauses

Question 1. He will pass______
Answer: If he studies hard.

Question 2. He came______
Answer: When the bell rang.

Question 3. They fought______
Answer: As if their lives depended on it.

Question 4. Make hay______
Answer: While the sun shines.

Question 5. His father died______
Answer: Before he could see his grandchild.

Question 6. Work hard______
Answer: So that you may succeed.

Question 7. Wait______
Answer: Until the rain stops.

Question 8. Do I
Answer: As I say.

Question 9. We eat ______
Answer: Because we need energy.

Question 10. ______ will keep it.
Answer: Wherever you put it

Adjective Clauses

Question 1. He lost the book ______
Answer: That you gave him.

Question 2. I know the man ______
Answer: Who lives next door?

Question 3. This is the pen______
Answer: Which I bought yesterday

Question 4. They never fail______
Answer: Those who trust in God.

Question 5. I found an umbrella______
Answer: That someone had left behind.

Question 6. I remember______
Answer: What you told me.

Question 7. God helps those ______
Answer: Those who help themselves.

Question 8. This is the book______
Answer: That inspired me.

Question 9. All that glitters is ______
Answer: Not gold.

Question 10. He is the boy______
Answer: Who won the competition?

Noun Clauses

Question 1. Do you know______
Answer: Where did she go?

Question 2. He spends______
Answer: What he earns.

Question 3. We Know ____________
Answer: That the Earth is round.

Question 4. Can you guess______
Answer: Who called me today?

Question 5. I often wonder______
Answer: Why do birds migrate?

Question 6. She says______
Answer: She will come tomorrow.

Question 7. Do you deny ______
Answer: that you take the money?

Question 8. ______ is quite certain.
Answer: That he is guilty

Question 9. This is______
Answer: What I wanted.

Question 10.______ is a mystery.
Answer: Why did he disappear

The post CBSE Class 8 English Chapter 16 The phrase And The Clause appeared first on CBSE School Notes.

1. We have learnt that a sentence is a group of words that makes complete sense. We have also learnt that every sentence consists of two parts—(1) the Subject, and (2) the Predicate.

The Subject denotes the person or thing about which something is said.
The Predicate is what is said about the person or thing denoted by the Subject.

When the Subject of a sentence consists of several words, there is always one word in it that is more important than the other words. This chief word is called the Subject-word or Simple Subject.

Thus, in the sentence – The hungry lion roars, the Noun lion is the subject word.

The Subject

The Subject is always a Noun, or a word or a group of words that does the work ofa Noun; as,

Examples

1. Birds fly.
2. He works hard
3. The poor are with us.
4. Swimming is a good exercise
5. To err is human.
6. To find fault is easy.

It will be noticed that

In sentence 1, the Subject is a Noun;

In sentence 2, the Subject is a Pronoun;

In sentence 3, the Subject is an Adjective used as a Norm;

In sentence 4, the Subject is a Gerund.

In sentence 5, the Subject is an Infinitive;

In sentence 6, the Subject is a group of words doing the work of a Noun.

Enlargement Of The Subject

Sometimes the subject-word is qualified by an Adjective, or some word or group of words that does the work of an Adjective. This is called its Enlargement or Attribute, as,

Example:

1. Lazy boys fail.
2. Barking dogs seldom bite.
3. Raman’s brother is a doctor.
4. His father is not here.
5. Bali, my brother, has passed.
6. A desire to succeed is necessary
7. Boys of bad character are shunned
8. The Predicate

It will be noticed that —

In sentence 1, the attribute is an adjective;

In sentence 2, the attribute is a participle;

In sentence 3, the attribute is a noun in the possessive case;

In sentence 4, the attribute is a possessive adjective;

In sentence 5, the attribute is a noun in apposition;

In sentence 6, the attribute is a gerundial infinitive;

In sentence 7, the Attribute is a group of words doing the work of an Adjective.

We have seen that the Predicate may consist of one word or several words. When it consists of one word, that word is always a Verb.

When it consists of several words, the essential word in the Predicate is always a Verb. Thus, in the sentence below — Harry is a lazy boy, the word is is the Verb.

Extension Of The Predicate

Just as the subject-word may be qualified by an Adjective or a word or a group of words doing the work of an Adjective, in the same way the Verb in the Predicate may be qualified by an Adverb or a word or a group of words doing the work of an Adverb, called its Extension or Adverbial Qualification; as,

1. The bulbul sings sweetly.
2. She went home.
3. He rose early next morning.
4. The teacher spoke angrily.
5. The sun having risen, we started

It will be noticed that —

In sentence 1, the Extension is an Adverb;

In sentence 2, the Extension is an Adverbial Object;

In sentence 3, the Extension is an Adverb Phrase.

In sentence 4, the Extension is a group of words doing the work of an Adverb;

In sentence 5, the Extension is an Absolute Phrase.

The Object

When the Verb in the Predicate is a Transitive Verb, it requires an Object to complete its sense.

For example, if we say—‘Birds build’, we do not make complete sense. You want to know what the birds build. The Verb build requires an Object, such as nests, to make complete sense.

Now, examine the Predicates in the following sentences —

Examples:

1. Cats catch mice.
2. He knowns here
3. The rich people should help the poor.
4. The foolish crow tried to sing.
5. The brave Rajputs loved fighting.
6. I do not know how to swim.

It will be noticed that —

In sentence 1, the Object is a Noun;

In sentence 2, the Object is a Pronoun;

In sentence 3, the Object is an Adjective used as a Noun;

In sentence 4, the Object is an Infinitive;

In sentence 5, the Object is a Gerund or Verbal Noun;

In sentence 6, the Object is a group of words doing the work of a Noun.

Enlargement Of The Object

An Object-word may have, like the Subject-word, an Attribute; as,

Examples:

1. We plucked red roses.
2. I met Raman’s father
3. He hurt his finger.
4. The policemen caught the wandering beggars.
5. All boys love Bali, the captain of our team.
6. She has money to spend.
7. The teacher found the boys making a noise.

It will be noticed that —

In sentence 1, the Enlargement of the Object is an Adjective;

In sentence 2, the Enlargement of the Object is a Noun in the Possessive Case;

In sentence 3, the Enlargement is a Possessive Adjective ;

In sentence 4, the Enlargement is a Participle;

In sentence 5, the Enlargement is a Noun in Apposition.

In sentence 6, the Enlargement is an Infinitive;

In sentence 7, the Enlargement is a group of words doing the work of an Adjective.

Direct And Indirect Objects

Sometimes the Transitive Verb in the Predicate takes two Objects—one Object shows the person for whom something is done, or to whom something is said or given; the other Object shows what is done, said, or given to the person.

The Object showing the person for whom something is done, or to whom something is said or given, is called the Indirect Object. The Object showing what is done, said, or given to the person is called the Direct Object.

Now, examine the predicates in the following sentences—

Examples:

1. The teacher gave Harry a prize.
2. He told us a story.
3. He showed Mary a picture.

The Complement

When the verb in the predicate is an Intransitive Verb, it can make complete sense by itself. But sometimes the verb in the predicate is an Intransitive Verb that requires an additional word or words to complete its meaning, as in, The sky grew dark.

If we merely say ‘The sky grew’, the words do not make complete sense. Grew is an Intransitive Verb, and requires some word (e.g., dark) to complete its meaning.

Such a verb is called a Verb of Incomplete Predication. What is required to complete the Predicate is called a Complement. A Complement that refers to the Subject of the Verb is called a Subjective Complement.

Now, examine the predicates in the following sentences —

1. Advani is a doctor.
2. It is I.
3. The Earth is round.
4. The woman seems worried.
5. Your brother is here.
6. This house is to let.
7. This book is of great use.

It will be noticed that —

In sentence 1, the Complement is a Noun;

In sentence 2, the Complement is a Pronoun;

In sentence 3, the Complement is an Adjective;

In sentence 4, the Complement is a Participle ;

In sentence 5, the Complement is an Adverb;

In sentence 6, the Complement is an Infinitive;

In sentence 7, the Complement is a group of words doing the work of an Adjective.

Certain Transitive Verbs require, besides the Object, an additional word or words to complete their meaning; as,

The people made him king.

Here, the Pronoun him is the Object of the Transitive Verb made which requires the word king to make the sense complete.

The Complement (king) here refers to the Object him. It is, therefore, called the Objective Complement.

Now, examine the Predicates in the following sentences —

Examples:

1. We called her Pinky.
2. The police found him guilty.
3. We heard the lion roaring.
4. This will make her repent.
5. These words filled her with shame.

Exercise -1

Arrange the group of words in their proper order to make sense

Question 1. In time, a stitch, nine, saves
Answer: A stitch in time saves nine.

Question 2. Now, airmen are crossing the Atlantic, airmen, quite regularly
Answer: Airmen are now crossing the Atlantic quite regularly.

Question 3. We used, years ago, instead of electric lamps, oil lamps
Answer: Years ago, we used oil lamps instead of electric lamps.

Question 4. Plenty of money, from kind friends, he was supplied with
Answer: He was supplied with plenty of money by kind friends.

Question 5. Unanimously elected him captain of the team, the boys
Answer: The boys unanimously elected him captain of the team.

Question 6. Our mother, this interesting story, one wintry night, told us
Answer: One winter night, the mother told us this interesting story.

Question 7. At the end of the road, a beautiful statue, you will find, made of marble
Answer: At the end of the road, you will find a beautiful statue made of marble

Question 8. How to do it, again and again, they showed him
Answer: They showed him how to do it again and again.

Question 9. The arctic ocean, airmen, very often, yet, have not crossed
Answer: Airmen have not yet crossed the Arctic Ocean very often.

Question 10. A large number of foreigners, in the park, yesterday, saw, taking photographs
Answer: Yesterday, they saw a large number of foreigners taking photographs in the park.

Exercise -2

Underline the verbs in the sentences given in Exercise 1. Then make a chart of the sentences as shown in the example. One is done for you.

Answer: 

Exercise 3

Underline the Indirect object and circle the Direct object in each sentence-

Question 1. The teacher asked us to sing a song.
Answer:

Indirect Object: us
Direct Object: (to sing a song)

Question 2. I apologised to Rohan for my mistake.
Answer:

Indirect Object: Rohan (object of preposition “to”)
Direct Object: (my mistake)

Question 3. Please give this book to him.
Answer:

Direct Object: (this book)
Indirect Object: him

Question 4. The leader proposed that we follow his plan.
Answer:

Direct Object: (that we should follow his plan)
(No indirect object in this sentence)

Question 5. She told me that the film was terrible.
Answer:

Indirect Object: me
Direct Object: (that the film was terrible)

The post CBSE Class 8 English Chapter 15 Structure Of Sentences appeared first on CBSE School Notes.

Two or more Simple Sentences can be joined to form one Single Sentence by using Conjunctions. Study the following examples:

Exercise -1

Join each of the following pairs of simple Sentences into a single sentence

1. By using the Conjunction and:

Question 1. My brother got a prize. My sister got a prize.
Answer: My brother got a prize, and my sister got a prize.

Question 2. Mary is a clever girl. Pinky is a clever girl.
Answer: Mary is a clever girl, and Pinky is a clever girl.

Question 3. The sun rises in the east. The sun sets in the west.
Answer: The sun rises in the east, and it sets in the west.

Question 4. I can speak English. I can write English.
Answer: I can speak English, and I can write English.

Question 5. God made the country. Man made the town.
Answer: God made the country, and man made the town.

2. By using the Conjunction as well as :

Question 1. Tom passed. Peter passed.
Answer: Tom passed, as well as Peter.

Question 2. Sheila was to blame. Lily was to blame.
Answer: Sheila was to blame, as well as Lily.

Question 3. She sings. She plays the harmonium.
Answer: She sings, as well as plays the harmonium.

Question 4. We should obey our parents. We should honour them.
Answer: We should obey our parents, as well as honour them.

Question 5. The little child was fast asleep. Its mother was fast asleep.
Answer: The little child was fast asleep, as well as its mother.

3. By using the Conjunction not only…but also :

Question 1. He lost his ticket. He lost his luggage.
Answer: He lost not only his ticket but also his luggage.

Question 2. He was fined. He was sent to prison.
Answer: He was not only fined but also sent to prison.

Question 3. Bali is mischievous. He is cruel.
Answer: Bali is not only mischievous but also cruel.

Question 4. She told a lie. She deceived us.
Answer: She not only told a lie but also deceived us.

Question 5. His enemies declared him to be guilty. His best friends declared him to be guilty
Answer: Not only his enemies but also his best friends declared him guilty.

4. By using the Conjunction or :

Question 1. Do you like tennis? Do you like badminton?
Answer: Do you like tennis or badminton?

Question 2. She must weep. She will die.
Answer: She must stop, or she will die.

Question 3. Do your work honestly. Leave my service.
Answer: Do your work honestly, or leave my service.

Question 4. You must obey the rules. You must leave the school.
Answer: You must obey the rules, or you must leave the school.

Question 5. You must tell the truth. You will be punished.
Answer: You must tell the truth, or you will be punished.

5. By using the Conjunction either… or :

Question 1. The king must attend the ceremony. The queen must attend the ceremony.
Answer: Either the king or the queen must attend the ceremony.

Question 2. You can write with a pencil. You can write in ink.
Answer: You can write either with a pencil or in ink.

Question 3. You should go there at once. Your brother should go there at once.
Answer: Either you or your brother should go there at once.

Question 4. He has made a mistake. His brother has made a mistake.
Answer: Either he or his brother has made a mistake.

Question 5. Make your purchase. Get out of my shop.
Answer: Either make your purchase or get out of my shop.

5. By using the Conjunction neither… nor :

Question 1. He has no gold. He has no silver.
Answer: He has neither gold nor silver.

Question 2. She cannot read English. She cannot write English.
Answer: She can neither read nor write English.

Question 3. Do not be a borrower. Do not be a lender.
Answer: Be neither a borrower nor a lender.

Question 4. He does not love her. He does not hate her.
Answer: He neither loves nor hates her.

Question 5. He did not admit it. He did not deny it.
Answer: He neither admitted nor denied it.

6. By using the Conjunction else or otherwise :

Question 1. You must work hard. You will not pass.
Answer: You must work hard, otherwise you will not pass.

Question 2. Walk quickly. You will miss the train.
Answer: Walk quickly, else you will miss the train.

Question 3. Give her water immediately. She will die.
Answer: Give her water immediately, otherwise she will die.

Question 4. Do your work properly. You will be dismissed.
Answer: Do your work properly, or else you will be dismissed.

Question 5. We must do our homework. The teacher will punish us.
Answer: We must do our homework, otherwise the teacher will punish us.

2. Study the following examples carefully

Exercise 2

Join each of the following pairs of simple Sentences into a single sentence

1. By using the Conjunction but :

Question 1. I called on you. You were not at home.
Answer: I called on you, but you were not at home.

Question 2. The days are hot. The nights are cold.
Answer: The days are hot, but the nights are cold.

Question 3. He was a good speaker. He was a bad writer.
Answer: He was a good speaker, but he was a bad writer.

Question 4. She writes slowly. She writes neatly.
Answer: He writes slowly, but she writes neatly.

Question 5. He has passed. His sister has failed
Answer: He has passed, but his sister has failed.

2. By using the conjunctions though, although, still, or yet :

Question 1. He has got a prize. He is not satisfied.
Answer: Though he has got a prize, he is not satisfied.

Question 2. He is very rich. He is not content.
Answer: He is very rich, yet he is not content.

Question 3. He is sixty years old. He works very hard.
Answer: Although he is sixty years old, he works very hard.

Question 4. My uncle has great wealth. He is not happy.
Answer: My uncle has great wealth, but still, he is not happy.

Question 5. Bali is very poor. He does not work at all.
Answer: Though Bali is very poor, he does not work at all.

Question 6. Hari worked hard. He could not succeed.
Answer: Hari worked hard, yet he could not succeed.

Question 7. My uncle is very rich. He is not proud of his wealth.
Answer: Although my uncle is very rich, he is not proud of his wealth.

Question 8. Hari is very strong. He is not courageous.
Answer: Hari is very strong, but still, he is not courageous.

Question 9. He may deceive me. I trust him.
Answer: Though he may deceive me, I trust him.

Question 10. The poor man was very weak. He did a lot of work.
Answer: The poor man was very weak, yet he did a lot of work.

3. By using the Conjunction therefore or so :

Question 1. I have caught a cold. I shall stay at home.
Answer: I have caught a cold, so I shall stay at home.

Question 2. He was late. He could not catch the train.
Answer: He was late, therefore, he could not catch the train.

Question 3. He was found guilty. He was hanged.
Answer: He was found guilty, so he was hanged.

Question 4. I had a severe headache. I could not attend school yesterday.
Answer: I had a severe headache, therefore I could not attend school yesterday.

Question 5. He was ill. He could not attend the meeting.
Answer: He was ill, so he could not attend the meeting.

3. Study the following examples carefully

Exercise 3

Join each of the following pairs of simple Sentences into a single sentence

Question 1. He could scarcely stand. He was very tired.
Answer: He could scarcely stand because he was very tired.

Question 2. The meeting was over. All the people went home.
Answer: When the meeting was over, all the people went home.

Question 3. He was hanged. He had committed murder.
Answer: He was hanged because he had committed murder.

Question 4. The thief saw the policeman coming. He immediately ran away.
Answer: As soon as the thief saw the policeman coming, he immediately ran away.

Question 5. He tried his best. He failed the test.
Answer: Although he tried his best, he failed the test.

Question 6. He is very rich. He is not happy.
Answer: He is very rich, yet he is not happy.

Question 7. He worked hard. His purpose was to get a scholarship.
Answer: He worked hard to get a scholarship.

Question 8. I am intelligent. My brother is more intelligent.
Answer: I am intelligent, but my brother is more intelligent.

Question 9. His brother loves him. He loves his brother more.
Answer: His brother loves him, but he loves his brother more.

Question 10. Rama works hard. His brother works equally hard.
Answer: Rama works hard, and his brother works equally hard.

Question 11. He is patient. You are not equally patient.
Answer: He is patient, but you are not equally patient.

Question 12. All will respect you. You must be honest.
Answer: All will respect you if you are honest.

Question 13. You must work hard. You will never succeed.
Answer: Unless you work hard, you will never succeed.

Question 14. He heard the news. He began to weep.
Answer: On hearing the news, he began to weep.

Question 15. You will never pass. You must work hard.
Answer: You will never pass unless you work hard.

4. Study the following examples carefully:

Exercise-4

Join each of the following pairs of simple Sentences into a single sentence:—

Question 1. I remember the house. I was born there.
Answer: I remember the house where I was born.

Question 2. Here is the pen. You were looking for it.
Answer: Here is the pen that you were looking for.

Question 3. These are the boys. Their parents are dead.
Answer: These are the boys whose parents are dead.

Question 4. Jack gets the first prize. He deserves it.
Answer: Jack gets the first prize, which he deserves.

Question 5. This is the place. The accident occurred here.
Answer: This is the place where the accident occurred.

Question 6. She is Mrs Kaul. Her daughter is an actress.
Answer: She is Mrs. Kaul, whose daughter is an actress.

Question 7. We have found the book. We lost it yesterday.
Answer: We have found the book that) We lost yesterday.

Question 8. The villagers are very lazy. You praised them so much.
Answer: The villagers, whom you praised so much, are very lazy.

Question 9. My mother will always be grateful to you. You helped
her.
Answer: My mother, whom you helped, will always be grateful to you.

Question 10. The old man is my uncle. You have bought his house.
Answer: The old man, whose house you have bought, is my uncle.

5. Study the following examples carefully

Exercise 5

Join each of the following pairs of simple Sentences into a single sentence

Question 1. He went to Agra. He wished to see the Taj Mahal.
Answer: He went to Agra to see the Taj Mahal.

Question 2. She felt tired. She laid her work aside.
Answer: Feeling tired, she laid her work aside.

Question 3. He failed in the first attempt. He made no further attempt.
Answer: Having failed in the first attempt, he made no further attempt.

Question 4. The police arrived. The thieves ran away.
Answer: When the police arrived, the thieves ran away.

Question 5. The bank was closed. We could not get any money.
Answer: Since the bank was closed, we could not get any money.

Question 6. She has eight children. She must look after them.
Answer: With eight children to look after, she is always busy.

Question 7. The lecture was over. We returned home.
Answer: After the lecture was over, we returned home.

Question 8. He finished his work. He went out for a walk.
Answer: After finishing his work, he went out for a walk.

Question 9. Ashoka ruled over India. He was a good and noble king.
Answer: Ashoka, who ruled over India, was a good and noble king.

Question 10. He was ill last month. He was unable to attend school.
Answer: Due to his illness last month, he was unable to attend school.

The post CBSE Class 8 English Chapter 23 Combination Of Sentences appeared first on CBSE School Notes.

1. Look at the sentence given below: If you get up at four in the morning, you will see the beautiful sunrise. The sentence has two clauses. If you get up at four in the morning is the conditional clause. You will see the beautiful sunrise. It is the main clause.

2. There are four types of conditional clauses. There is a different pair of tenses in each pair type.

1. When we use an adverbial clause beginning with if to describe general truths or scientific facts. The pattern is:

Simple present, — simple present

Example: If you persevere, you can acquire any knowledge.

If the condition is fairly likely or probable, we use the  simple present tense in the adverbial clause and a modal + base form of the verb in the main clause (future tense)

Examples:

1. If I have time, I shall meet you.
2. We will arrest him if he continues to defy us.
3. The boy might work harder if you give him a raise.
4. If you go during visiting hours, you can meet him.
5. If you want to slim down, you should exercise daily.
6. If you want to avoid pain, you must eat a proper diet.
7. In the if clause, we can use simple present, present continuous, or the present perfect tense.

Examples:

1. If you meet me at the station, I will give you the book.
2. If you are going to the market, please take a basket with you.
3. If you have completed your work, you can go home.

3. The unlikely (improbable) conditional

1. If I were a millionaire, I would buy this island. (but I am not a millionaire)
2. If I were you, I would buy this house. (But I am not you.)
3. If I win the lottery, I will be rich and famous.
4. (But it is unlikely that I will win a lottery.)

4. Double Future: This form is used for cooperation or a request.

Examples:

1. If you find the purse, I will reward you.
2. If he washes the clothes, I will press them.

In some cases, it is replaced by should, had, or were.

Examples:

1. Were he to see you now (should he see you now), he would be shocked.
2. Had you worked harder, you would have succeeded in your test.
3. Should he hear the news of your failure, he would be shocked.

Exercise 1

Tick the option which correctly completes the sentence. In some cases, more than one or all might be correct:—

Question 1. If it rains,

1. The First Test Match will be cancelled.
2. The First Test Match would be cancelled.
3. The First Test Match ought to be cancelled.

Answer: 1. The First Test Match will be cancelled.

Question 2. When water freezes,

1. It Turns Into Ice.
2. It Should Turn Into Ice
3. It Would Turn Into Ice.

Answer: 1. It turns into ice.

Question 3. If I have time,

1. I shall go to the Book Fair.
2. I might go to the Book Fair.
3. I would go to the book fair

Answer:

I shall go to the Book Fair.
I might go to the Book Fair.

Question 4. If Hari meets Sameer,

1. He must remind him to meet me.
2. Remind him to meet me.
3. He ought to remind him to meet me.

Answer:

He must remind him to meet me.
He ought to remind him to meet me.

Question 5. If you will perform at my party,

1. I will give you a big remuneration.
2. I might give you a big remuneration.
3. I must give you a big remuneration.

Answer: I will give you a big remuneration.

Question 6. If I weren’t so busy,

1. I would have gone to the exhibition.
2. I would go to the exhibition.
3. I should visit the exhibition.

Answer: I would have gone to the exhibition

Question 7. If I were you,

1. I would never refuse Rohan’s offer.
2. I would never have refused Rohan’s offer.
3. I will never refuse Rohan’s offer.

Answer: I would never refuse Rohan’s offer.

Question 8. If he had admitted his mistake,

1. We may have forgiven him.
2. We would forgive him.
3. We may have forgiven him.

Answer: We would forgive him.

Question 9. If I had money,

1. I might buy a new car.
2. I shall buy a new car.
3. You Should Exercise daily

Answer: 1. I might buy a new car.

Question 10. If you want to keep fit,

1. Take exercise daily,
2. You must take some exercise daily.
3. You must take some exercise daily.

Answer: 1. Take exercise daily.
You must take some exercise daily.

Exercise 2

State what type of conditional clause is used in the following sentences (universal truth, likely or probable, improbable, imaginary):—

Question 1. If you heat ice, it melts._______
Answer: Universal truth (Zero Conditional)

Question 2. If I win the lottery, I will buy a new house.____
Answer: Likely or probable (First Conditional)

Question 3. If I were a ghost, I would scare people.______
Answer: Imaginary (Second Conditional)

Question 4. If you had asked me to do it, I would have done it._____
Answer: Unlikely or improbable (Third Conditional)

Question 5. If I find anything wrong, I shall inform you._____
Answer: Likely or probable (First Conditional)

Exercise 3

Certain phrases are given in two boxes. Combine them to make an ‘If’ sentence

Answer:

1. If you do not park here, you will be fined.
2. If my parents agree, I will go abroad for studies.
3. If you are satisfied, he will be included in the team.
4. If you regulate your diet, you will be cured of indigestion.
5. If your plans failed, do not blame us.

Exercise 4. Remove the following sentences and use (had, should, unless, or were). Make the necessary changes

Question 1. If I had not rung him up, he would not have come to my party.Had_______________________________
Answer: Had I not rung him up, he would not have come to my party.

Question 2. If he does not satisfy you with this work, we will not employ him. Unless______________________________
Answer: Unless he satisfies you with this work, we will not employ him.

Question 3. If I meet him tomorrow, I will inform him of your visit.
Should_______________________________
Answer: Should I meet him tomorrow, I will inform him of your visit

Question 4. If you had worked hard, you would not have been rejected today.
Had_______________________________
Answer: Had you worked hard, you would not have been rejected today

Question 5. If the patient feels pain, you should give him this injection.
Unless______________________________
Answer: Do not give him this injection unless the patient feels pain.

Question 6. If you go to the top of the building, you will see the fireworks.
______________________________
Answer: Should you go to the top of the building, you will see the fireworks.

Question 7. If I were the monitor, I would keep the class quiet.
______________________________
Answer: If I were the monitor, I would keep the class quiet.

Question 8. If poaching is not stopped, tigers will soon become extinct.
______________________________
Answer: Unless poaching is stopped, tigers will soon become extinct.

Question 9. If there is not enough food, many animals will die.
______________________________
Answer: Unless there is enough food, many animals will die.

Question 10. If I have the time, I shall go to the party.
______________________________
Answer: Should I have the time, I shall go to the party.

The post CBSE Class 8 English Chapter 22 Conditional Clauses appeared first on CBSE School Notes.

1. Underline the Finite verbs and circle the Non-finite verbs in the passage given below. Almost the whole village stopped to watch the big boat being built at some point or the other. No one else owned such a large boat or even worked on one.

Perhaps they were jealous and that was why no one had a good word for it. They did not want to believe it would do well at sea. But they, in a way, were proud too. Building a big boat like this in their village was an achievement.

Finite verbs: stopped, owned, were, was, had, did, want, would do, were, was

Non-finite verbs: to watch, being built, worked, believe, Building

2. Fill in the correct form of the Infinitives-

Question 1. I am going__________________(work) overtime today.
Answer: To work

Question 2. He seems___________________(lose) his patience with the workers.
Answer: To have lost

Question 3._________________(honest), I do not like his paintings at all.
Answer: To be honest

Question 4. Alka was ___________________(hope) the prize.
Answer: Hoping

Question 5. The boy has _______________(eat) his food, tell him ____________(finish) it soon please.
Answer: To eat; to finish

3. Fill in the blanks with the ‘ing ’ form of the verbs given in brackets. Write G for Gerunds and P for Participles in the space given for the new words you have made:

Question 1. I heard the phone________________(ring) but it stopped before I could pick it up.(_________)
Answer: ringing (P)

Question 2. I was thrilled to see Bhutia make the__________________(win) Goal in the (win) goal in the final of the football match.(_________)
Answer: winning (P)

Question 3. _______________(travel round the world is a great experience.(_________)
Answer: Traveling (G)

Question 4. The food looked so delicious, I could not help _____________(taste) it (_________)
Answer: tasting (G)

Question 5. He was tried of _____________ (sit in the lawn for long hours.(_________)
Answer: sitting (G)

Question 6. I really would like___________(meet the great chess master, Vishwanathan Anand.(_________)
Answer: meeting (G)

Question 7. He did not like ___________(live) in Delhi, and wanted to go back to Shimla.
Answer: living (G)

Question 8. The best way of___________(explore) any country is by land.(________)
Answer: exploring (G)

Question 9. He will have to give up_____________(sing). His Voice Is getting worse and worse.(_________)
Answer: singing; getting (G, P)

4. Change the following sentences in the passive form of the Verbs. Follow the instructions given in the brackets. One is done for you

Question 1. The damaged property was compensated for by the government (compensate/use Simple Past tense)
Answer: The damaged property was compensated for by the government.

Question 2. Somebody________________ the invitation cards by tomorrow, (post/use Simple Future Tense)
Answer: The invitation cards will be posted by somebody by tomorrow.

Question 3. Sombody _____________already ____________the police(Inform/Use past perfect tense)
Answer: The police had already been informed by somebody.

Question 4. These houses _________ by the end of this month (demolish/use future perfect Tense
Answer: These houses will have been demolished by the end of this month.

Question 5. All the laws of the country ______________(Obey/use a modal)
Answer: All the laws of the country must be obeyed.

Question 6. The school timetable____________(revise/use Present Continuous tense)
Answer: The school timetable is being revised.

Question 7. The Old Employees_________by the company (Retire/use past continous tense)
Answer: The old employees were being retired by the company.

Question 8. A new tax on petrol_____________by the control (announce/use present perfect tense)
Answer: A new tax on petrol has been announced by the Government.

Question 9. Please maintain silence. (Change into a request in the Passive form)
Answer: Silence is requested to be maintained.

Question 10. Your son should manage your business now. (Begin with ‘let’)
Answer: Let your business be managed by your son now.

5. Change the following passage in the Passive We have opened a new toy shop in the biggest mall of our city. Mothers come in large numbers to our shop. They bring their children with them.

The salesmen find it hard to handle the children. But we make a big sale every day, specially on holidays.

Answer: A new toy shop has been opened by us in the biggest mall of our city. Mothers come in large numbers to our shop. Their children are brought with them by the mothers. The children are found hard to handle by the salesmen. But a big sale is made every day by us, especially on holidays.

6. Use the Passive form of the verbs in the Future Perfect Tense to change the following passage:—

Our house will be renovated by October. After October you will find it a completely changed place. There will be new furniture, new curtains, new carpets in every room. The kitchen will be transformed into a modern modular kitchen.

7. Habitat Centre is staging a play titled “A Comedy of Errors They have made some rules for the audience. Change the rules into passive voice:—

1. All guests should be in their seats by 6 o’clock sharp.
Answer: All guests are expected to be seated by 6 o’clock sharp.

2. Guests should not bring any eatables, cameras, or big bags with them.
Answer: Eatables, cameras, or big bags are not to be brought by guests.

3. Children under ten cannot watch the play.
Answer: The play cannot be watched by children under ten

4. You should switch off your mobile.
Answer: Mobile phones should be switched off.

5. Guests will maintain silence during the play.
Answer: Silence must be maintained during the play by guests.

8. Change the degree of the following sentences as indicated:—

1. No city is as interesting as Mumbai. (Change to Superlative degree)
Answer:

Superlative Degree:

Mumbai is the most interesting city.

2. It is by far the most expensive city in India. (Change to Comparative degree)
Answer:

Comparative Degree:

It is more expensive than any other city in India.

3. Life in Mumbai is busier and noisier than in any other city. (Change to Positive degree)
Answer:

Positive Degree:

No other city is as busy and noisy as Mumbai.

4. Some of the richest business magnates live in Mumbai. (Change to Comparative degree)
Answer:

Comparative Degree:

Some business magnates are richer than those living in other cities.

5. Her handwriting is worse than mine. (Change to Superlative)
Answer:

Superlative Degree:

Her handwriting is the worst (of all).

9. Fill in the blanks with Adverbs in Comparative or Superlative forms:

1. When Mrs Bose reached home, two_________ hours later than usual, she found the house quiet.
Answer: later; unusually

2. Manohar was ___________Unwell, so That He Could Not Eat Anything.
Answer: So

3. We enjoyed the movie very much, it was ____________Interesting One.
Answer: The most

4. He walked __________to reach the stadium in time 
Answer: Quickly

5. The teacher was____________ Irritated at the strange behaviour of the class.
Answer: Extremely

10. Combine the following sentences without using the Conjunction and or but

1. It may be so. I cannot tell.
Answer: It may be so; I cannot tell.

2. Mother has gone to the market. Please call again later.
Answer: Since Mother has gone to the market, please call again later.

3. It was raining. We stayed indoors.
Answer: Because it was raining, we stayed indoors.

4. Would you like to eat a pizza? Do you prefer a hamburger?
Answer: Would you like to eat a pizza, or do you prefer a hamburger?

5. You have not visited us. We came to live here nearly two months ago.
Answer: You have not visited us since we came to live here nearly two months ago.

6. She reached home. She realised that she had left her mobile in her office.
Answer: On reaching home, she realised that she had left her mobile in her office.

11. Fill in the blanks with proper Prepositions :

It is the first mild day ______April. The field ave bright ______ starry yellow daffodils. The first swallow, flashes his blue stain ________the fields_________a joyous twitter and _________ a pause he darts ___________and of the pond. how the swallow revels ___________his freedom! he has travelled 6,000 miles From The dry Deserts _______ Africa _________egland. One Night he rested ___________ a Zulu’s mud hut, another _________ an Oasis a third _______ a Moroccan Mosque. The Whole journey is accomplished _________a fortnight! England may be colder than the Land he left behind, but he knows April Brings promise __________ sunshine. Six thousand miles. ___________the cape _________My tool shed! this is the fourth Spring _________ which the same bird has Returnbed _________make His Home _________me.

Answer:

1. Of
2. With
3. Over
4. With
5. After
6. To
7. Fro
8. In
9. Of
10. To
11. In
12. At
13. In
14. In
15. Of
16. From
17. To
18. In
19. To
20. With

12. Use the following Phrasal Verbs in sentences of your own:

1. Keep on
2. Keep off
3. keep up
4. Put off
5. Put on
6. Put up with

13. Fill in the blanks with a suitable word from the box. One is done for you:—

Hike, too, harder, routes, but defined, more

Haritha and Yogesh were looking for a hike that was different from usual commercial ones. The wanted a get away that did not invole rooms along the ________ it was difficult, for the _________ remote They were, the __________it was to get ibnformation abnout them most hikes are along well __________ rourttes __________they both did not want the rountes which were ____________ well travelled.

Answer:

1. hike
2. Routes
3. Harder
4. Too
5. Defined
6. But
7. More

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